Art and design summaries and notes
Art and design summaries and notes
The following texts are the property of their respective authors and we thank them for giving us the opportunity to share for free to students, teachers and users of the Web their texts will used only for illustrative educational and scientific purposes only.
The information of medicine and health contained in the site are of a general nature and purpose which is purely informative and for this reason may not replace in any case, the council of a doctor or a qualified entity legally to the profession.
Art and design summaries and notes
ART AND DESIGN
PART 1
UNDERSTANDING ART
Summary
1.Appreciating Beauty(美的欣賞)
We have different ideas about beauty, but we know that beauty make us happy and enriches our lives. It can be felt and created.
Nature's beauty is natural(自然的). It is not made by people.
Artificial beauty is not natural. It is man-made. We can show other people what we think is beautiful through our creations. We can express ourselves through visual arts(視覺藝術) such as printmaking(版畫), calligraphy(書法), design(設計), sculpture(雕塑) and ceramics(陶藝).
There are lots of artists in Hong Kong. They express how they feel about the world around them through different types of art.
We can learn to describe(形容), analyze(分析), interpret(詮釋) and make comments(批評) on works of art through our own feelings and observations.
By appreciating works of art, we can understand artists' thoughts and learn about their artistic techniques(技巧). This knowledge can help us to improve our own artistic abilities.
Information about visiting an exhibition
-Before going to an exhibition, read about it in newspapers or magazines.
-Read leaflets(傳單) at the exhibition.
-When viewing exhibits, make sure you do not break or make them dirty.
-Different works of art can be viewed(觀看) in different ways.
Art is exhibited in many places such as civic centres, town halls, galleries(畫廊) and museums for the public to appreciate it.
2.Lines
Lines are formed by joining points. They form the structure and edges of objects and shapes. There are curved lines, vertical lines, horizontal lines and diagonal lines.
We can use different tools and materials to draw lines of different textures(質感) and to give different effects(效果).
3.Shapes
Shapes are two dimensional. They are areas enclosed by lines. The movement of lines also forms shapes.
Triangles, circles and squares are geometric shapes.
Free-form shapes are formed by irregular lines. They can make people feel free and changeable.
Positive shapes are usually appear to be in the foreground.
Negative shapes are usually in the background.
4.Forms
Forms are different from shapes because they are three dimensional and can be seen from different angles(角度).
You can join particles together or join forms and shapes together to make forms.
Forms are natural or man-made objects with length, width and height.
Geometric forms(幾何形體) are made of geometric shapes. The sphere, the cube, the pyramid, the cone and the cylinder are geometric forms.
Free-form forms do not have geometric shapes.
A form which curves inwards at the middle is concave(凹形).
A form which curves outwards at the middle is convex(凸形).
Concave and convex forms give people a feeling of strength.
5.Colour
Wherever there is light, there is colour.
If we contrast(比較) one colour with another, we are comparing the two colours. Contrasting colours can make colours look sharper(更奪目) and brighter.
Pairs of colours which contrast the most are called complementary(互補色) colours.
e.g.red and green; yellow and purple; blue and orange.
Warm colours can make us feel warm or happy.
Cool colours can make us feel cool or sad.
Sometimes we put colours together to give a comfortable and orderly feeling.
Analogous colours(近似色) are colours which contrast the least. e.g. red, orange and yellow; yellow, green and blue; etc.
Value(明度) is the depth of shade(暗部) of a colour. The closer the colour is to white, the higher its value. The closer the colour is to black, the lower its value.
Scientists discovered that light passing through a prism(三稜鏡) refracts(折射) into red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple colours.
If we arrange these colours into a ring in a clockwise direction, the ring formed is called a colour wheel(色環).
Red, yellow and blue are called primary colours(三原色). They cannot be made by mixing any other colours.
Orange, green and purple are called secondary colours(次色). They are produced by mixing two of the primary colours.)
Orangey red, orangey yellow, yellowish green, bluish green, purplish blue and purplish red are tertiary colours(三間色). They are produced by mixing the primary colours with the secondary colours next to them on the colour wheel.
6.Texture(質感)
Texture is the feel or appearance of the surface of an object. Different textures create different feelings.
Textures can be visual(視覺的) or tactile(觸覺的).
There are many different textures in natural and man-made objects. Artists use different materials and methods to create textures in art.
You can press(壓), pat(拍打), carve(雕刻) or rub to create different textures.
7.Balance
We need to arrange or design visual elements(視覺元素) in an orderly(有秩序) way so that they look interesting and attractive.
Balanced objects make people feel safe and stable.
Symmetrical balance(對稱均衡) is achieved when the visual elements on each side are exactly the same.
Radial balance(放射式均衡) is a kind of symmetrical balance. The visual elements start at a point in the centre of the object and move outwards in all directions.
ART AND DESIGN
PART 2
MAKING ART
Summary
8.Contour Drawing( 輪廓素描)
Drawing (素描) improves our skills of observation and expression.
Contour Drawing(輪廓素描)
-Drawing the contours of three dimensional object.
Contours(輪廓)
-The outer lines of forms and the interior lines.
Outlines(外形)
-The outer lines of shapes.
Blind Contour Drawing
-In blind contour drawing, you only look at the object you are drawing. This type of drawing improves our observation skills.
9.Sketching(速寫)
In art, we can record what we see and feel through sketching. The pictures we sketch(快速素描)record our experiences and feelings, just as notes or diaries do.
Sketching
I can produce a draft of a work of art, or a quick record of our thoughts or things which we see around us.
How to Sketch
Sketching is used to record things roughly. You need to observe your surroundings carefully and think about them.
10.Logo Design(標誌設計)
Design is a creative activity that improves our way of living.
Graphic Design(平面設計)includes poster design, leaflet design, internet homepage design, logo design etc.
Logo Design(標誌設計)usually includes one or both of the following:
-Signs(文字記號)
Sign are usually words or characters, such as Arabic numerals or letters of the alphabet. They are not pictures.
-Symbols(象徵符號)
Symbols look like the thing they represent; for example a picture of a tree or a light bulb is a symbol.
Steps to Design a Logo
-Observe the shape of an object or a letter.
-Sketch their shapes and made some drafts.
-Make the free-form forms into geometric or other forms, but keep the characteristics.
-Finally, create a design by combining the shapes.
11.Regular Script(楷書藝術)
Regular script(楷書)is the most common type of Chinese calligraphy(書法)
Materials and Tools for Calligraphy
Four Treasures(文房四寶):
Paper
Yukou paper(玉扣紙)and xuan paper(宣紙) are the most common types of paper for beginners.
Brushes
There are three main types of brushes:
-weasel-hair brushes(狼毫筆)
-goat-hair brushes(羊毫筆)
-weasel-hair and goat-hair brushes(兼毫筆). Good brushes should have straight handles and neat bristles.
How to Take Good Care of Brushes
Brushes should be dipped in water for about 10 minutes before use. A brush is ready for use when two-thirds of the bristles have separated from its fine point.
After use, brushes must be cleaned carefully. Then the bristles should be shaped back into a perfect point. Brushes should be stored flat or hanging up.
Ink
In the past, people used to grind inksticks(墨條)to make ink. Nowadays, you can use ready-made ink.
Inkstone
An inkstone was used to grind and hold ink. Duan inkstone(端硯)is the most famous type of inkstone. Nowadays, small China bowls are used to hold ink.
Chinese Calligraphy Techniques
-Keep your back straight and do not press against the edge of the desk.
-Put one hand on the paper and hold the brush with the other hand.
-Place the paper neatly in front of you.
Brush Holding
Keep your fingers closed, but leave some space between your plam and your fingers.
Brush Strokes
Centre-tip strokes(中鋒):
-The tip of the brush runs through the middle of the stroke. This makes a line three-dimensional.
Obligue-tip strokes(側鋒):
-The tip of the brush runs to one side of the stroke. This stroke looks flat.
Composition(布局)
-Start writing at the top right-hand side of the paper and write from top to bottom.
-Leave spaces at the top and bottom of the paper.
-Spaces between the characters and the column of character should be even(注意布白及行氣).
Appreciating Regular Script
To improve your Chinese calligraphy skills, you must practise more. Studying ancient Chinese calligraphy can help us to improve our calligraphy skills too. We can learn about the techniques ancient artists used.
12.Experimental Art(實驗繪畫)
Observation and association can enrich our works of art.
Colouring Mediums(繪畫媒介)
The materials used to create artwork are called mediums(媒介). The mediums can be divided into two main types.
Dry painting mediums(乾性繪畫媒介)
-Coloured pencils(木顏色筆)
-Crayons(蠟筆)
-Oil pastels(油粉彩)
-Soft pastels(乾粉彩)
Wet painting mediums(濕性繪畫媒介)
-Water colours(水彩)
-Poster colours(廣告彩)
-Acrylics(塑膠彩)
-Oil paints(油彩)
Mixing dry and wet painting mediums
Dry painting mediums and wet painting mediums can be mixed together to produce different effects.
Tools for painting
Try using unusual painting tools. You can produce some amazing effects with them.
Experimental Art in Hong Kong.
Some Hong Kong artists create artworks with mixed or interesting materials. Try to understand what they want to tell us.
13.Printmaking(版畫)
Printmaking is the art of printing. It is usually done under artists’ supervision.
Printmaking methods
The most common printmaking methods include:
-Rubbing(拓印)
Putting a piece of paper over a coin and rubbing a pencil over the paper. The pattern on the surface of the coin appears on the paper.
-Relief printmaking(凸版印刷)
Carving patterns onto a carrot, a block of wood or a plastic block, painting the parts that are raised and then printing the patterns onto paper.
-Intaglio printmaking(凹版印刷)
When you paint on your palm and then remove the paint, you will see that some of the paint stays in the lines on your palm. The remaining paint prints onto the paper. We use this principle in intaglio printmaking.
-Serigraphy(孔版印刷)
Put a piece of paper under your stencil(模板)and apply paint. This leaves an image on the paper. Silk screens(絲網) are usually used in serigraphy printing. This makes the colours on the print very even.
-Lithography(平版印刷)
The surface of the plate(製板) is flat.
A layer of water was coated on the surface. Oil-based ink was rolled onto the surface. Covered it with a piece of printing paper. If we use Lithography to print the image, we can see the fine brush strokes of the print.
14.Masks
Masks(面具) can show thoughts and feelings. They are works of art. We always use concave and convex forms with masks to give different visual effects.
-Some tribes(部族) wear masks for special occasions.
-Masks are used in theatrical performances(戲劇表演) and dances.
PART 3
ART HISTORY (1)
15. Chinese art history(1) 《中國工藝美術史 (一)》
Up to 7,000 years ago in the neolithic period(新石器時代), the Chinese knew how to make different clay containers. These containers had practical uses. These kinds of handmade works of art are called arts and crafts(工藝品).
Neolithic Period (circa 7,000 - 2,000 BC )
Chinese people have lived along Huanghe(黃河) for over 7,000 years. Archaeologists(考古學家) have found many pieces of pottery(陶器) and have classified them into two types :
-coloured pottery of the Yangshao period
-black pottery of Longshan
Yangshao Culture(仰韻文化) Pottery ( circa 5,000 - 3,000 BC )
Red pottery was first discovered at Yangshao village, Mianchi county, Henan Province(河南省澠池縣仰韻村). Other cultures which had similar kinds of pottery belong to Yangshao culture, too.
Longshan Culture Pottery(龍山文化)( circa 2,800 - 2,000 BC )
Black pottery have been found at Longshan in Shandong Province(山東省). The pottery was made in the late Neolithic Period.
The black pottery(黑陶) is small and was made on using the coiling method(輪製法). The surface of the pottery is polished and shiny. The walls are very thin. So it is called `egg-shell' pottery(蛋殼陶).
The Bronze Age(青銅器時代)( circa 1,500 - 220 BC )
Bronzes are cast(鑄造) using a mixture of copper(銅), tin(錫) and a small amount of lead(鉛).
From the Shang dynasty(商朝) to the Han dynasty(漢朝) people made a lot of ritualvessels(禮器) to hold wine, food and water and they also made weapons(兵器), musical instruments(樂器) and tools with bronze.
The Shang Dynasty(商朝) ( circa 1,766 - 1,122 BC )
People in the Shang dynasty liked to drink wine, so many bronze objects are wine vessels.In early Shang dynasty, they liked to decorate vessels(器皿) with animal designs.In the late Shang dynasty, they still decorated bronzes with animal designs but the forms of the bronzes became more complex. Some were even decorated with three-dimensional animals(立體的動物造型).
The Zhou Dynasty(周朝)( circa 1,122 - 256 BC )
The Zhou people thought that the Shang dynasty had declined(亡國) because the Shang people drank too much wine. So alcohol drinking was banned during the Zhou dynasty.
The bronzes from this period are mainly dings(鼎). They were used to cook meat. The Zhou people thought that the size of a bronze was a symbol of power(權位).
From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period(春秋戰國時期) ( circa 722 - 221 BC )During this period, the Emperor(天子) was weak. The state rulers(諸侯) were able to run their casting factories(鑄造廠). So the design of bronzes became more diverse(多樣化).Decorations on Zhou dynasty bronzes were often based on daily life.
The Qin(秦) and Han(漢) Dynasties (221 BC - AD 220 )
During the Qin and Han dynasties, most of the bronzes were made for practical uses(實用). Bronze was made into mirrors(鏡), belt hooks(帶鉤) and seals(印章).
Decorative techniques improved, such as the gold-plated technique(鎏金法).
The Art of Sculpture(雕塑工藝)
Sculpture is the art of making objects by carving stone, clay and other materials.
Buddhism(佛教) and Indian carving techniques(印度雕刻技巧) spread to China during the Han dynasty to the Six dynasties. These influences helped Chinese art to develop even further.
The Terracotta Warriors of the Qin Dynasty(秦兵馬俑)
In ancient times, the dead was often buried with sculpted figures(陪葬雕像).
The Terracotta Warriors in the tomb of King Qinshihuang look like real soldiers. The 6000 figures were positioned according to their rank.
Funerary Objects of the Han Dynasty(漢代明器)
Most of the Han dynasty sculptures are pottery figures(陪葬用的陶俑) which were buried with the dead.
Sculpture during the Six Dynasties(六朝雕塑)
During the six dynasties, fired pottery and green-glaze wares(青瓷) developed.
Many large-scale Buddha statues(大型的佛像雕塑) were made at this time.
SUMMARY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRONZES
BRONZE AGE
- Shang Dynasty
․Many religious ceremonies:
people believed in gods and evil spirits.
․Many of the bronzes are vessels for alcohol.
․Bronzes were decorated with symmetrical
patterns and animals design; decoration
developed from relief(浮雕) to multi-layered
and even three-dimensional carvings.
- Zhou Dynasty
․Ceremonies were very important;
People worshipped the sky and ancestors(祖先).
․Fewer vessels for alcohol;
More food vessels were made instead.
․Large bronzes were symbols of power.
․Whole sets of musical instruments were made.
․Bronzes were carved with long inscriptions(鉻文).
- Spring and Autumn Period
․State rulers cast bronzes themselves.
․Freedom of design;
The cured wave design was especially popular.
- Warring States Period
․Style based on daily life.
․Polished bronze surfaces
․Bronzes were decorated using inlay techniques(鑲嵌法).
- Han Dynasty
․Marked the end of the Bronze Age.
․More objects for everyday use,
such as mirrors, belt hooks and lamps.
․Objects were gilded(以鎏金法裝飾).
16. Chinese art history (2) 《(中國工藝美術史 (二) 》
Ceramics(陶瓷) is a general term for both pottery(陶器) and porcelain(瓷器).
Pottery is made from soft and coarse clay(疏鬆粗糙的黏土). It can be fired at a low temperature (below 800℃ )
Porcelain is made from white, hard, fine clay(潔白,堅硬,細緻的瓷土). It must be fired at a high temperature (above 1280℃ ). China was the first country to make porcelain.
During the Tang dynasty(唐朝), artists began to make three-colour glaze ware(唐三彩).It is painted with glazes containing lead, copper, iron, cobalt(鈷), manganese(錳), etc.
Good-quality porcelain first developed during the Song dynasty(宋朝). The porcelain was usually monochrome(單色). The glaze colours used were pale and elegant(雅淡).
During the Yuan dynasty, porcelain was still mainly monochrome but it was painted with patterns or pictures(圖案或繪畫方法).
There were official kilns(官 )and private kilns(民 )during the Song dynasty. Porcelain products from official kilns were made for the imperial family(皇室) only. Private kilns were managed by ordinary people(平民). They made many types of practical utensils(日常用品).Jingdezhen(景德鎮) produced its famous Qingbai wares(青白瓷) during the middle of the Northern Song dynasty.
The porcelain made during the Yuan dynasty(元朝) was larger in size and had bold designs. It was also very colourful and covered with patterns.
During Ming(明) and Qing(清) dynasties, porcelain was bright and colourful(鮮艷華麗,色彩豐富).
Summary of the development of Chinese ceramics.
- Tang Dynasty: Three-colour Glaze Ware
․Buried with the dead.
․Elegant, colourful and realistic.
․The common subjects are women,
camels and horses.
․Products of the prosperous(富強) Tang dynasty.
- Song Dynasty
․Pale colours;
decorated with carved and painted patterns.
․Few products produced by official kilns;
design was strictly controlled.
․Simple and practical products.
․Some ceramics had fractures(冰裂紋).
c) Yuan Dynasty
․Large pieces.
․Mainly blue porcelain.
․Decorated using painting methods.
- Ming Dynasty
․Multi-coloured painted porcelain,
e.g. doucai( 彩) and wucai(五彩).
․Blue patterning techniques developed.
․Jingdezhen(景德鎮) was the centre of porcelain production.
- Qing Dynasty
․Ploychrome porcelain techniques advanced;
fencai(粉彩) and enamelled(琺瑯彩) porcelain were produced.
․Jingdezhen was still the centre of porcelain production.
․Rich colours were used for decoration.
17 WESTERM ART HISTORY(1) 西方藝術史(一)
THE ANCIENT WORLD AND THE MIDDLE AGES.
Inside the Caves of Altamica(阿塔爾米粒洞穴) in Spain or the Caves of Lascaux(拉斯科洞穴) in France, there are the earliest known paintings from the Stone Age(石器時代).They show that the desire to create images has been a part of human culture for a very long time.
In this chapter, we’ll take a look at the development of art and architecture(建築)in Ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome and in the Middle Ages.
Egyptian Art(埃及藝術)(circa 3100-1300 BC)
Ancient Egyptian civilization developed along the River Nile(尼羅河).
Ancient Egyptians believed that the pharaohs, kings of Egyptians were the representatives of the gods.
Architecture
After pharaohs died, their bodies were preserved as mummies(木乃伊) and were put inside huge tombs which are known as the pyramids(金字塔)
Sculpture
There are stone reliefs(石浮雕), realistic and majestic sculpture.
The Egyptians believed that the soul of dead person would live on in the sculpture of that person.
Painting
Wall painting with Egyptian hieroglyphics(象形文字)was popular for more than 2500 years.
Summary
-The decoration of tombs(陵墓裝飾) is the origin(根源) of Egyptian art.
-Egyptian art is realistic in style(重視寫實).
-Pharaohs were the main subjects of Egyptian art. Art was used to show how powerful and wealthy they are.(藝術創作以表現法魯王的權力和財富為主).
-The size of a figure in decoration symbolizes the figure’s importance(以大小比例來象徵人物身份的重要, 以暗諭手法來表達意思).
-Ancient Egyptian art had a consistent style(統一風格).
Greek Art(希臘藝術)(circa 800-100 BC)
Western civilization has been greatly affected by the culture of Ancient Greece.
Greek artists thought that humans were very beautiful. Therefore, human beings and gods were the main subjects of the art of Ancient Greece. The figures were always well-proportioned and elegant.
Architecture
Greek architecture emphasized simplicity, accuracy, harmony and balance. Buildings were usually constructed using columns.
Three main types of Column(柱式設計) from different time(時期) and different architectural styles(建築特色):
Doric Order(多利亞柱式)
-Popular in early Ancient Greece
-Capitals(柱頂) are not decorated.
-Columns do not have bases(柱座).
-Simple and majestic(莊嚴).
Ionic Order(愛奧尼亞柱式)
-Popular in around 500 BC
-These are thinner and more elegant than those in the Doric style.
-They have bases and the capitals are decorated.
Corinthian Order(科林斯柱式)
-Columns are tall.
-Capitals are decorated with leaves and spiral designs.
-The famous Parthenon(巴特農神殿)was built at this time.
Sculpture(雕刻)
Greek sculpture shows women’s elegance as well as men’s strength. The Greeks liked sport, especially athletics. Greek sculpture is realistic and accurate in proportion.
Painting
Many Greek paintings are lost, but we can still see some pictures on clay pots.
Summary
Greek artists
-believed in humanity(人的價值), wisdom(智慧) and the search for perfection(完美);
-emphasized simplicity(簡潔), harmony(和諧), symmetry(均稱) and accurate proportion(精確的比例);
-portrayed human bodies(人體美) and their heroic images(英雄形象) accurately;
-showed the inside beauty of women and their elegant figures(女性典雅的氣質及體態美);
Roman Art(羅馬藝術)(circa 509-290 BC)
Roman art was greatly affected by Greek art. The Romans emphasized(講求) balance(均衡), order(秩序), harmony(和諧) and the search for perfection(完美). This kind of art-a combination of ancient Greek and Roman art-is known as Classicism(古典主義).
Architecture
Most of the Roman art we can see today is buildings and sculptures. Roman buildings were practical(實用) and majestic(莊嚴雄偉) with columns.
Roman Sculpture
Many ancient Roman sculptures were portraits of emperors and knights.
Summary
Roman artists
-created sculptures which were used by the emperors as propaganda tools(歌功頌德政治宣傳);
-were affected by realistic style of Greek art but placed great emphasis on strength and determination(莊嚴和剛毅的精神).
-designed and built buildings with domes(圓拱) and columns(柱) and emphasized the use of space(空間).
The Art of the Middle Ages(circa 500-1500 )
Roman Empire was divided into two parts:
- Rome became the capital of the Western Empire.
2.Byzantium became the capital of the Eastern Empire.
Christianity(基督教) was the established religion in the Byzantine Empire. It strongly affected art in Europe.
Byzantine Art(拜占藝術)(circa 400-1100 )
Art at that time served the Eastern Orthodox Church(東正教)and its popes.
The subjects used were usually stories from the Bible.
Mosaic(鑲嵌畫)
Mosaics(鑲嵌畫)are common in Byzantine art.
Craftsmen learn the skills from the Persians and Arabians. They usually did not show the human body in the correct proportion. Mosaics were laid in churches to create a religious atmosphere.
Gothic Art(哥德式藝術)(ciria1150-1300 )
European art from 12th to 15th century is known as Gothic art(哥德式藝術) because the Goths invaded the Roman Empire.
The word Gothic(哥德) was originally a term meaning uncivilized(野蠻), dark(黑暗) and backward.(落後)
Architecture
It was the main art form(藝術主流)
Three major architecture styles during the Gothic period:
- Pointed roofs and emphasis on straight lines(頂部尖削,強調直線的結構).
- Pointed arches(尖拱門), ribbed vaults(肋拱), and flying buttresses(凌空的扶牆).
- Large windows made of stained glass(彩色玻璃), which create a religious atmosphere(宗教氣氛).
Sculpture
Much of Gothic sculpture is attached to buildings. Sculpture was usually realistic, but it did not show majesty and strength as much as Roman art.
Summary
-the Church(教會) was very powerful;(教會具至高無上的權威)
-life was based on religion;(一切以宗教為依歸)
-art was used to serve religion;
-humans were not important in art;
-churches(教堂) were the characteristic(特色) in art in this period;
18 WESTERN ART HISTORY(2) 西方藝術史(二)
RENAISSANCE TO BAROQUE (文藝復興至巴洛克時期)
Many artists started to study the cultures of ancient Rome and ancient Greece.
They hoped to revive these cultures and to develop a new artistic style. This was a new chapter in Western art history.
The Renaissance
Renaissance(文藝復興)means ‘rebirth’(再生). It was a cultural movement(文化運動).
Humanism(人民主義)came out during this period. This belief based on the idea that humans are important and emphasizes the relationship between human and nature.
The Early Renaissance in Italy(circa 1300-1500 )
The Renaissance began in Florence(佛羅倫斯), a prosperous city in Italy.
Artists were sponsored by rich businessmen and bankers and they were also employed by royalty, the Church and the nobility. The social status of artists rose. Their works show their respect for the classical cultures of ancient Greece and Rome.
The High renaissance in Italy(circa 1495-1520 )
During this time people strongly believed in artistic talent. Artists were important people.
Leonard da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael are the Three Great Artists of the High Renaissance period. Their works were very influential(具影響力).
They produced large-scale works of art for the Pope and the nobility.
Summary
The main characteristics of the Renaissance:
-belief in human beings;
-emphasis on human body;
-emphasis on the relationship between human beings and nature;
-influence of the spirit of scientific thought, the study of anatomy(解剖) and perspective(透視);
-influence of the spirit and achievements of Ancient Greece and Rome..
Mannerism(形式主義) (Circa 1520-1600 AD)
Mannerists wanted to create a detached(超然) and yet intense(強烈) atmosphere(氣氛) in their works which would have a strong emotional(情緒的) impact(衝擊). They wanted to show people’s worries and illusions(不安和幻覺).
This artificial(風格主義) and subjective(矯飾主義) style is called Mannerism(形式主義)
Summary
Mannerist artists
-ignored the Renaissance style of balanced and natural composition(打破文藝復興時的均衡自然感覺,轉為標奇立異而不合乎常理);
-distorted or lengthened figures and their features(人物形象被扭曲式拉長);
-showed illusions and created a strange, detached and unnatural atmosphere(刻意營造出幻覺,冷漠,不自然的感覺).
Baroque Art(巴洛克藝)(circa 1600-1750 )
Baroque art(巴洛克藝術)was a popular style of art in Italy..
Artists did not follow the Renaissance style of balanced and rational(理性的) composition. Baroque artists often used imaginative(想像的) angles in their compositions. Paintings in this style are dramatic and theatrical(戲劇的效果).
Italian Works of Art(意大利作品)
e.g. The Ecstasy of St. Teresa by Bernini.
The Calling of St. Matthew by Caravaggio.
Flemish Works of Art(法蘭德斯作品)
e.g. Descent from the Cross by Rubens.
Dutch Works of Art(荷蘭作品)
e.g. The Night-watch by Rembrandt.
Spanish Works of Art(西班牙作品)
e.g. The Maids of Honour by Velázquez.
French Works of Art(法國作品)
e.g. The Funeral of Phocion by Poussin.
Summary
Baroque artists
-created dramatic effects;
-used imaginative subject matter and techniques;
-emphasized(強調) the contrast(對比) of light and shade;
-exaggerated and distorted figures in dynamic poses(人物造型誇張，姿勢複雜扭曲);
-used varied and imbalanced compositons(構圖形式自由而不穩定);
-reflected political(政治) and religious(宗教) ideas in their work.
- Egyptian architecture
- Egyptian sculpture
- Egyptian painting
- Greek architecture
- Greek sculpture
- Greek painting
- Roman architecture
- Roman sculpture
- Byzantine art
- Gothic art
- Early renaissance painting
- Early renaissance sculpture
- High renaissance painting
- High renaissance sculpture
- Mannerism painting
- Baroque sculpture
- Baroque painting
ART & DESIGN
2A
1(a) Space and distance(空間和遠近)
Space is three-dimensional and is realized by putting together the length, width and height of an object.
Different spaces can affect our emotions or moods.
Positive space(實體空間) is the space occupied by an object or a shape, the space surrounding positive space is called negative space(虛體空間).
There are positive and negative spaces even in plane artwork. Very often, the positive space is more easily identified than negative space.
Real space is three-dimensional (3-D). This means that it has length, width and depth. These methods create a 3-D effect, or an illusion of implied space(暗示性空間).
Placement(位置) is the arrangement of the subject matter.
Overlapping (重疊)is also used to create spatial depth. The artist overlaps one feature with another to show the relationship between the foreground and background.
Differences in size can give the illusion of space. In real space, the farther away an object is, the smaller it seems.
Artist may use tints and shades (色調) to create spatial depth. Distant objects may be paler and less clear.
If an object is close, you can see it in greater detail than an object that is far away.
1(b) Perspective (透視)
By following the rules of perspective (透視法), we can draw 3-D objects on a flat surface. An illusion of spatial depth is then created.
An eye-level (視平線)is the invisible horizontal line that a viewer sees at the height of his or her eyes.
A vanishing point (消失點)is the point where parallel lines converge at a viewer’s eye-level.
In one-point perspective (一點透視), the artist creates only one vanishing point at eye-level. All the objects that go away from the viewer go towards that one point.
Renaissance artist discovered the laws of perspective during the 15th century. They used perspective to create the illusion of depth.
Foreshortening (前縮透視) is an extravagant perspective in terms of visual effect. When an object is stretching towards the foreground, it does not get bigger like it would if one-point perspective was being used.
In two-point perspective (兩點透視), the viewer seems to see a scene from one side. There are two vanishing points on the eye-level. All objects become smaller the closer they are to the two vanishing points.
2 Colour (色彩)
Most of nature’s colours hold different degrees of chroma.
Intensity (彩度) or chroma, is the strength or purity of a colour.
P.1
Neutral Colours
White, black and grey. Grey can be divided into two types: one is colourless grey made by mixing white and black; another is grey with low intensity (低彩度). The latter can further divided into cold grey and warm grey. Cold grey contains a small amount of cold colours. Warm grey contains a small amount of warm colours.
After staring at a red pattern for 10 seconds, one might probably see a green afterimage (餘像)of the red pattern when one looks at a blank space.
Colours are affected by other colours around them. This particular effect is known as Simultaneous Contrast (同時性對比).
Colours affect the way we feel.
Colours can be associated with certain daily situations. Sometimes this is a conscious (有意識的) association (聯想) and at other times it is psychological (心理的) or unconscious.
Artists often express their feelings through colour.
3 Movement(動勢)
Most pictures and sculptures are static(捕捉). When we look at a work of art, we may walk around it, or stand still and explore its lines with our eyes.
Implied movement (暗示性動勢)refers to a work of art which captures the movement of an object at a particular point in time. This gives the viewer a sense of movement.
4 Proportion(比例)
Artist sometimes change standard proportions to create unusual artworks.
Proportion is a word that means the relationship or comparison between two or more sizes. Proportion may be the size relationship between two objects or it may be the size relationship between the parts of an object.
In an artwork, the artist may use the mutual relationships(相互的關係) between the sizes of objects in the work to create special effects.
Realists(寫實主義藝術家) measure natural proportions carefully and use the rules of natural proportion in their works.
Artists sometimes use size to represent a ranking(階級的) system: important objects are the largest, less important objects are smaller, and the least important object are the smallest objects of all in a work of art.
5 Asymmetrical Balance(不對稱均衡)
A composition that is asymmetrically balanced may produce a sense of excitement and interest because it has some variation.
Symmetrical (對稱均衡的)art appears static and it can have a serious atmosphere(氣氛).
Ways in which artists use:
- Areas with light, bright colours appear lighter in ‘visual weight’(視覺上感受到的重心) than areas that are dark or low in their intensity.
- Larger shapes appear heavier than smaller ones.
- Coarse textures appear heavier than fine ones.
- Areas of low intensity appear heavier than areas of high intensity.
P.2
2(B)
6. Tonal Drawing
Introduction
Artists try using shades. Shading can create 3-D effects because shading shows the dark and light parts of a surface. This kind of illusion is called the illusion of form ( 錯覺性造型 ).
Artists use tonal drawing ( 調子素描 ) to create the effects of light and shadow, or light and dark tones. They use gradual changes to create different shades of light and dark. The amount of light or dark in an object or an area is called value ( 明度 ).
Shading
When light falls on forms, the lit parts appear bright and the shadows appear dark. Shading ( 明暗法 ) is used to show the contrast between light and dark. It helps to describe the form.
Different Techniques of Tonal Drawing
Different techniques can be used to create tone.
Reference Web sites
http://www.saumag.edu/art/studio/chalkboard/s-chiaro.html
http://www.saumag.edu/art/studio/chalkboard/s-grays.html
http://www.saumag.edu/art/studio/chalkboard/s-tex.html
http://www.saumag.edu/art/studio/chalkboard/s-grays.html
7. Gesture Drawing
What is Gesture Drawing?
Gesture drawing is making a quick sketch of a person. The drawing should show the basic form of the subject.
The lines of the drawing should be full of energy and show movement. Gesture drawings are completed quickly, for example in five to 10 minutes. You have probably made quick sketches. Similar techniques are used in both quick sketching and gesture drawing.
The Differences between Gesture and Contour Drawing
Gesture drawing does not show detail. The subject’s pose is more important. Gesture drawings contain bold, quickly-drawn lines.
Contour drawing ( 輪廓素描 ) shows the edges of a 3-D subject. The structure of the subject is a very important part of the work. Simple lines are used in contour drawing.
The Ideal Proportions of the Human Body
The average human body is the same height as 7-8 of its own heads. This is a rough guide only. It is important that your work has the same proportions ( 比例 ) as the model that you are drawing.
Structure of a human body
Human Body has many structural lines, as shown in the figure below. If someone is standing, these structural lines will be horizontal. Different postures will make the structural lines appear in different degrees of inclination.
Reference Websites
http://www.hwcn.org/~ab323/als/drawing/dgallery1.htm
http://www.art.net/~rebecca/LifeDrawing1.html
8. Watercolours
Reference Websites
http://www.nitaleland.com/tour.htm
http://www.spanierman.com/watermain.htm
http://www.johnlovett.com/default.htm
http://www.kmng.com.hk/johnli/
P.3
9. Painting a still life using Chinese painting techniques
Introduction
There are few natural landscapes in Hong Kong, so it may be difficult for you to find a subject for a Chinese landscape-style painting. You might prefer to paint still life pictures indoors instead.
Brush Techniques in Chinese Painting
Dotting
Pay attention to the concentration and dispersion of the ink while using this technique. Pay attention to changes in ink colours too. This technique may be used on its own or with other techniques to show texture in a painting or to enhance the mood of a piece of work.
Outlining
Another term for outline is contour line. These lines may be thick or thin, gentle or intensive; they can be drawn fast or slow. Using these lines to draw is called outlining ( 勾勒法 ). The lines used in painting may be similar to the lines used in Chinese calligraphy.
Rubbing and Wash
The dry brush technique can be used to express value and texture.
Ink Techniques Used in Chinese Paintings
Chinese paintings are black or monocolour, but we still say that they are ‘five coloured’. This is because we can imagine colours in the tones between the thick and thin ink.
When inks of different thickness are used on the same surface, the ink and water mix with each other. This technique is called the ink-breaking technique ( 破墨法 ).
Reference Web sites
Chinese painting
http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~50219374/cciv01/special/
Hong Kong Museum of Art
http://www.Lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Arts/
Taipei Palace Museum
http://www.npm.gov.tw/
10. The Art of Paper-cuts
Introduction
Different groups of people in society often prefer doing different kinds of artwork. Paper-cuts in particular were popular among ordinary people in the past. They come from the folk art tradition of cutting paper to make decorations for celebrations and festivals.
Nowadays, paper-cuts are still popular decorations for Chinese New Year, weddings and other celebrations.
Appreciation of Paper-cuts
Round Floral Patterns
This type of design is usually a circular pattern which sometimes has radial symmetry. They are usually stuck on the ceilings of rooms during weddings or ceremonies. Most floral designs are cut from red paper.
Door Decorations
Door decorations are also named 'hanging money', which are hung on the door lintel during Chinese New Year. The 'hanging money' looks very much like a curtain blowing in the wind. People hope that these door decorations will bring good luck and happiness.
Window Decorations
These paper-cuts are usually small with cut-through patterns. They have free forms and different subjects. P.4
Border Decorations
Patterns which extend to the left and right side for repetition are called double-connected patterns ( 二方連續圖案 ).
Themes of Paper-cuts
Paper-cuts can have a variety of subjects including dragons, phoenixes, flowers, birds, landscapes, relics and figures.
Making Paper-cuts
The patterns and designs are made by cutting and slicing. Follow these guidelines to make your own paper-cuts.
Folding the Paper
You must use thin paper. Different methods of folding the paper will give different results.
Drafting
For floral patterns, the lines can exist independently. For positive objects, the lines must connect with each other. The draft design should be simple so it is easy to cut.
Cutting
Work from the inner parts to the outer parts of the design, and from the smaller areas to the larger areas.
Peeling off
You can gently shake the paper first, and then peel it away.
Reference Web sites
Chinese paper-cut
http://www.chinavista.com/culture/art/folkart/b5papercutting.html
11. Clerical script
Introduction
Clerical script is simple, archaic and robust. It has distinctive features. Clerical script was first used at the end of the Qin dynasty. It was very popular during the Western Han dynasty and the Eastern Han dynasty.
Appreciation of Clerical Script
This is the earliest bamboo book from the Qin dynasty found so far.
Clerical script inscribed in the side of a cliff on a mountain. Inscribe characters on stone steles. These inscriptions were later rubbed onto paper. Books were made from these copies. They are called books of rubbings ( 拓本 ). Round strokes ( 圓筆 ) rounded like the head of a worm. Strokes begin with a square form. This writing technique is called the square stroke ( 方筆 ).
Writing Tools
To produce hidden-tip clerical script, you will need brushes that are quite rigid.
Basic Writing Techniques
Hidden-tip
Writing Directions
Use the point of your brush to create a left upward stroke. Now bring the tip of the brush down and then horizontally across the paper. Do not lift the brush up when you have finished a stroke. Instead you should turn the brush in order to hide the sharp tip of the stroke
P.5
Follow the steps below and refer to Figure 11.13 to practice writing vertical hidden-tip strokes:
1 First place the tip of the brush on the paper. Next move the tip up and to the left a little.
2 Now move the brush down and then to your right a little. Pull your brush back before beginning your downward stroke.
3 Make your downward stroke.
- Move the brush up a little before you finally take your brush off
the paper.
Reference Web sites
Chinese painting
http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~50219374/cciv01/special/
Introduction to Chinese Calligraphy
http://www.touc.edu.tw/ox_view/club/pen/index.htm
中國碑刻
http://ww.chinapage.com/calligraphy/steles/steles.html
12. Printmaking
Introduction
Traditionally, printmaking ( 版畫藝術 ) was used to make copies of works of art. Now it is also used to produce one unique print as a form of art.
Until recently, most Chinese prints were made using relief printing techniques ( 凸版印刷 ).
In the past, most pictures were printed using woodcuts.
Multiple and Monotype Printing
A print can be one of many copies (called an edition), or it can be a monotype ( 單幅版畫 ).
In multiple printing ( 複數性版畫 ), a number of copies are made. The number is usually decided by the artist.
A monotype is just one print. In monotype printing, the artist creates a unique work of art like a painter creates a unique painting.
Preparing Printing Paper
First of all, put a piece of printing paper neatly on a table and spray water over it evenly. Make sure the piece of printing paper is not too wet.
Printing
Roll ink evenly across the block . Then put a piece of paper on the block.
Reference Web sites
http://www.sharecom.ca/phillips/technique.html
http://www.appleagency.co.uk/wud_wood.htm
13.Sculptures
Introduction
Sculptures ( 雕塑 ) are three-dimensional ( 立體造形 ). They have height, width and depth. This means that sculptures look different from different angles.
Sculpture can be made from many different materials, including plaster, clay, bronze and stone. Sculpture can also be made from non-traditional materials like paper and cardboard.
P.6
Types of Sculpture
A relief ( 浮雕 ) is a raised, three-dimensional form on a flat background.
Figure 13.2 shows low relief ( 低浮雕 ). The third dimension is relatively small in low relief. Figure 13.3 shows high relief ( 高浮雕 ). The third dimension is relatively large in high relief, but the background of the relief is still flat.
There are limited vantage points for relief. This is because you can only look at most reliefs from the front.
One-sided Works
A one-sided work ( 單面雕塑 ) is not made on plane background. It is three-dimensional.
It can be appreciated from different angles. However, the ideal viewing angle is from the front. From there, you can see the work at its best.
Full-Round Sculpture
Three-dimensional sculptures are known as full round sculptures ( 圓雕 ) because they can be viewed from many different vantage points.
Design Elements and Principles
Design elements and principles relating to line, form, texture, colour, variety, repetition, rhythm, etc. are not only used in plane works. They are also important in sculpture too. Design principles include space, balance, variation and rhythm. All art, including sculpture and two-dimensional images and objects, is based on a combination of these elements and principles of design.
Lines
Lines are all around us. Some examples of lines are: a fence, the lines around the shapes of buildings, the outline of a leaf.
Form
Form is one of the most important design elements in sculpture. Form gives a sculpture its overall shape. Forms occupy space because they are three-dimensional.
Texture
Texture refers to how the surface of a sculpture feels or looks. Textures may be soft, hard, smooth or rough.
Value
Sculptures are three-dimensional, so lighting can have different effects on different parts of a sculpture. For example, lighting can be used to change the effects of light and shade on a sculpture.
Lighting may be natural or artificial. Outdoor sculptures are usually lit by sunlight. Artificial lighting can be controlled, so it can create many different lighting effects.
Colour
Colour can be very striking when used as a design element in sculpture. Colours can create many different styles and atmospheres.
Space
Space refers to the area surrounding a sculpture, as well as the area which the sculpture occupies. Space is a very important design element in sculpture.
There is positive space ( 實體空間 ) and negative space ( 虛體空間 ). Positive space is the space occupied by the sculpture. Negative space is the space surrounding the sculpture.
P.7
Balance
Balance can give a sculpture a sense of stability. A work can be symmetrically balanced or asymmetrically balanced. Symmetrical balance is a type of formal balance. Asymmetrical balance is less formal. It may create a more animated effect.
Variation
An artist can use different design elements interchangeably in a sculpture. For example, using different design ideas for the same subject, or variations of the same design elements, creates variety ( 變化 ). This makes the work seem interesting.
Rhythm
An artist can repeat the same or similar design elements in a sculpture. This creates an animated effect. This effect is called the rhythm ( 節奏 ) of a work.
14. Book cover Design
Introduction
A good cover design tells us about a contents of a book. It also grabs our attention.
Design Layout
A basic layout will include the front cover ( 封面 ), spine ( 書脊 ) and back cover ( 書背 ).
The front cover is the most important part of a book's design. The title, name of the author and publisher, and various other information is usually put on the front cover.
The spine is the part of the book where the pages are bound together. The width of the spine depends on the number of pages. The title, and the name of the author and the publisher are also printed on the spine.
The front and back covers of the book should share some visual elements or principles of design. This shows they are related to each other. Information about the contents of the book is sometimes printed on the back cover.
Different cover designs have different sizes and formats, depending on the needs of the book. For example, there are the landscape form ( 橫幅 ), the portrait form ( 直幅 ) and the quadplex form ( 四方編幅 ) .
Front and Back Cover Design
Remember that the front and back cover of a book are related, so the artist must make their design consistent.
You can use the following methods to show the relationship between a front and back cover:
- The repetition of images.
- The extension of the image across the front and back cover.
- The use of similar design elements to link the front and back cover.
Typography
Font is important in cover design. The title, the name of the author and the publisher, and other important information are printed on the cover.
Chinese Typography
Song ti ( 宋體 )
This font has thin horizontal strokes and thick vertical strokes. Its strokes have corners and triangular forms. The strokes can be horizontal, vertical, angular, ticks and dots, and are written with strokes going left to right or right to left.
Hei ti ( 黑體 )
This font has regular strokes. It can be further classified as Xi (thin) hei, Zhong (medium) hei and Cu (bold) hei.
P.8
Decorative type ( 裝飾字體 )
This font has many variations. There is no fixed writing style. The font is decorative.
English Typography
Serif/Roman type ( 羅馬字體 )
The strokes of the letters have contrasting thicknesses. The horizontal and vertical strokes have short, extra lines serifs at their ends.
Sans serif/Gothic type ( 哥德字體 )
The strokes of the letters are all of the same thickness. The strokes do not have short lines at their ends.
Decorative type ( 裝飾字體 )
This font has many variations. There is no fixed writing style. The font is decorative.
Font Design
You can use the following methods to create new types of fonts.
Transferring (Letraset)
You can buy different types of rub-on transfers from stationery shops and use them in your work. They are very easy to use.
Cutting out
You can choose font types from newspapers and magazines and paste them onto your work.
Designing on a Computer
Computers can produce different fonts. For example, they can produce textured, twisted and three-dimensional types of fonts.
Designing by Hand
Designing fonts by hand is good way to create new fonts. Fonts can be designed to match a book’s subject. There are many different styles of handwritten fonts, including calligraphy and decorative fonts.
2(C)
15 History of Chinese Painting (1)
The subjects of many Chinese paintings are human figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. Figure painting was the first type of painting that artists developed.
Figure Painting(人物畫)
The Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty(戰國至漢代)
The earliest Chinese paintings were created during the Warring States period. They were drawn with brushes and ink. All paintings from the Warring States period were produced on silk, so we call them silk paintings(帛畫).
In the Han Dynasty, many paintings were painted on the walls of tombs. These are called murals(壁畫). Paintings on bricks were called ‘painted bricks on the wall’(畫像磚).
The Wei and Jin Dynasties(魏晉時期)
Buddhism (佛教)was introduced to China during the late Han dynasty, It was at the height of its development during the Wei and Jin dynasties. Most paintings from northern China at that time were based on Buddhist stories.
The Sui and Tang Dynasties(隋唐時期)
There was great development in Chinese figure painting during the Tang dynasty.
P.9
The Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasties(五代與兩宋時期)
The development of figure painting was influenced by folk paintings, Buddhism and Zen(襌宗). Painters of the Five dynasties wanted to express their beliefs through their work. These simple. Zen-like figure paintings are known as Zen paintings(襌畫).
Many scholars and officials at the academy enjoyed painting. They created works of art to express themselves. These paintings are called literati paintings(文人畫).
Summary
The earliest Chinese paintings are from the Warring States period. They were drawn with brushed ink lines.
During the Han dynasty, figure paintings emphasized civilization, politics, and the promotion of morals
Artists after the Jin dynasty made significant improvements on figure drawing.
In the Tang and Song dynasties, figure paintings showed the life of nobles and later, the daily life of common people.
The introduction of Buddhism to China provide new material and insights for Chinese figure paintings.
Landscape Painting(山水畫)
The Sui and Tang Dynasties(隋唐時期)
Chinese landscape painting emerged during the Sui dynasty. During the Six dynasties, painters did not always use realistic spatial relationships in their work. During the Sui dynasty, painters began to observe nature more closely and painting techniques improved. Artist found new ways of using brushes and ink, and new line-drawing techniques were used to create figures.
The Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasties(五代至兩宋時期)
In this period the subjects of paintings were usually landscapes, flowers, birds and figures. Artists painted the natural environment around then. Paintings were usually realistic
Summary
Landscape paintings focused on nature and the relationship between nature and humans.
The ‘blue landscape’ (金碧山水)style first appeared in the Tang dynasty. Later, ink wash drawing become dominant.
There were two styles of landscape painting during the Song dynasties. Rugged mountains and dry regions (崇山險峻)featured in Northern Song paintings, and misty plains (煙雨江南)in Southern Song paintings.
The cun was first used in the Northern Song dynasty.
Artists in the Song dynasties included literati and those who drew for the imperial court(朝廷).
Paintings of Flowers and Birds(花鳥畫)
‘Paintings of flowers and birds’ refers to paintings that include plants, animals and insects. These paintings became popular during the Five dynasties. They were at their most popular during the Song dynasties. Artists observed nature carefully and painted delicately.
P.10
Summary
Artists of paintings of flowers and birds were inspired by the beauty of the natural environment around them.
The artists drew symbolic (喻意和象徵)objects. For example, peonies (牡丹)and peacocks (孔雀)represented nobles; plum blossoms(梅), orchids(蘭), chrysanthemums(菊) and bamboo plants(竹) represented gentlemen(君子).
Flower and bird paintings during the Song dynasties were realistic. Artists at this time spent a lot of time studying their subjects.
16 History of Chinese Painting (2)
Chinese landscape artists from Sui dynasty(隋朝) on wards were inspired by natural landscapes. The paintings were very popular during the Song dynasties, and they are still very popular today.
Paintings of the Yuan Dynasty(元朝)
China was ruled by the Mongols (蒙古人)during the Yuan dynasty. Artists of this time enjoyed living alone in the mountains. Their paintings were often inaccurate. The artists often expressed grief in their landscape paintings. They were sad because they did not like the Mongols ruling China. Literati paintings reached their artistic height during the Yuan dynasty, because artists liked to express themselves using this style. The schole-artists Huang Gong-wang(黃公望), Wu Zhen(吳鎮), Ni Zan(倪瓚), and Wang Meng(王蒙). Dong Qi-chang(董其昌) named them ‘Four Great Masters of Yuan painting’(元四家).
Summary
The characteristics of landscape drawing in the Yuan dynasty:
Landscape artists mainly drew for their own self-expression or enjoyment.
Colours used in landscape paintings were light instead of string and colourful.
Artists focused on scenes that could convey ideas.
The insertion of a poem in a landscape painting was common.
The representatives of landscape painting in the Yuan dynasty were known as ‘the Four Great Masters of the Yuan.’
Paintings of the Ming Dynasty(明朝)
Paintings of the Ming dynasty have complex compositions, and details are very important. They are plane without a sense of distance.
The ‘Four Masters of the Ming’(明四家) were: Shen Zhou(沈周), Wen Zheng-ming(文徽明), Tang Yin(唐寅) and Chou Ying(仇英).
The famous artist Dong Qi-chang (董其昌)said that the style of painting in the north and south of China were different. He emphasized that scholar paintings were important and painters should be flexible and learn from tradition as well
Summary
The characteristics of landscape drawing in the Ming dynasty:
Artists paid their respect to the four masters of the Yuan. They learned and got insights from their works.
Artists of the Ming dynasty stressed the skillful use of brushwork. They emphasized the abstract expression of motion and strength.
Several schools emerged in different parts of China, e.g. the Zhe school and the Wu school.
Most of the artists were good at poetry, calligraphy and painting. They integrated these three skills in their works.
Dong Qi-chong said the styles of painting in the north and south of China were different. He also pointed out that literati paintings were superior than the professional and court.
P.11
Paintings of the Qing Dynasty(清朝)
Paintings of the Qing dynasty included works by official court painters, and paintings by the ‘leftover Ming painters’(明遺民畫家).the official court painters are called the ‘Four Wangs’(四王) : Wang Shi-ming(王時敏), Wang Jian(王鑑), Wang Hui(王翬), and Wang Yuan-qi(王原祁). These painters used traditional painting styles because they admired the painting techniques of the past.
Summary
The characteristics of landscape drawing in the Qing dynasty:
Imitation of earlier artists’ works was common. Qing artists mainly imitated the Song and the Yuan painting styles.
Artists at the end of the Ming dynasty had their own individual styles. Therefore different techniques and styles of landscape drawing emerged in the early Qing.
Artists emphasized drawing techniques, e.g. the use of ink, brushwork and the application of rules set by previous artists.
The number of artists and themes of works were the greatest ever recorded in history.
From the middle Qing onwards, drawing was commercialized(商業化). Merchants became artists’ financial backers(資助者).
Modern Painting(現代繪書)
At the beginning of the 20th century, many Chinese artist went overseas to places like France and Japan to study painting. Chinese painting became very diverse. Some artists continued to create traditional Chinese paintings. Other artists were influenced by Western painting. Other artists combined Chinese and Western painting styles to form new styles. The development of modern Chinese painting had begun.
Summary
The characteristics of modern paintings:
Stimulated(沖擊) by the western cultural influences, the modern paintings of China adopted(揉合) some Western artistic styles.
A very wide variety of forms and classifications of paintings emerged.
Artists brought with them the theories(概念) of painting from where they studied, e.g. Japan and France.
New styles emerged from individual artists. They were no longer bound by traditional painting methods.
History of Western Art
Rococo Art(洛可可藝術)
Rococo art emerged out of the Baroque(巴洛克) art movement. It was popular in France between 1720 and 1780.
Rococo art is rich and exquisite(纖巧華貴). The subject was often the leisurely(閒適的) lifestyle of French nobles. The Rococo style was also found in music, architecture, furniture, porcelain and metalware.
Summary
Rococo art had the following characteristics:
A delicate, dream-like atmosphere.
Contrasting areas of dark and light.
The theme is often the leisurely pursuits of nobles.
Drawn in great detail.
Clothing of the subjects is expensive and decorative.
Additional decorations are often used.
P.12
Neo-classicism and Romanticism(新古典主義和浪漫主義)
The subject matter for both neo-classicism and Romanticism is historical events, myths and literature. Neo-classicism was inspired by the discovery of the ancient Roman city of Pompeii(龐貝古城) in 1748. it was based on the expression of physical beauty and freedom, as in ancient Greek and Roman art. Romanticism featured the expression of personal feelings and so it often has a sense of emotional excitement(激動的思想).
Summary
Neo-classical and Romanticism art feature the following characteristics:
The subjects are based on heroes of the time.
They have a realistic painting style.
They were often used to portray revolutionary spirit(反映法國大革命時的思想).
Realism(寫實主義)
The Industrial Revolution(工業革命) began in Europe between 1750 and 1850. at this time, artists painted fewer pictures about religion, history and mythology. Instead, they started to paint themes known to everybody. This style of painting was called realism.
Realism is a difficult style of painting. The artist must also find suitable subjects. Sometimes realist artists painted scenes and events that were very critical(重要的) of the state of society.
Impressionism(印象主義)
Between 1870 and 1890, the invention of photography inspired the study of the relationships between natural light and colours. People started to notice variations in the colour and value of objects. This was caused by variations in the intensity of natural light at different times of day. Painters at this time were also influenced by Japanese Ukiyo-e (浮世繪) woodcuts because they were exotic. These artists are called Impressionists.
Summary
Impressionist art features the following characteristics:
An exploration and analysis(探研和分析) of light.
Direct painting of scenes from nature.
The capture of momentary changes(瞬間變幻) in light and atmosphere.
Colour was applied using choppy, short brush strokes.
There were no broad areas of flat colour.
Source :
http://www.wahyan.edu.hk/art/f1notes/A&DF1notes.doc
http://www.wahyan.edu.hk/art/f2notes/A&DF2notes.doc
Web site link: http://www.wahyan.edu.hk/art/
Google key word : Art and design summaries and notes file type : doc
Author : not indicated on the source document of the above text
If you are the author of the text above and you not agree to share your knowledge for teaching, research, scholarship (for fair use as indicated in the United States copyrigh low) please send us an e-mail and we will remove your text quickly.
Art and design summaries and notes
If you want to quickly find the pages about a particular topic as Art and design summaries and notes use the following search engine:
Art and design summaries and notes
Please visit our home page
Larapedia.com Terms of service and privacy page