Software Quality Management

 

 

 

Software Quality Management

 

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Software Quality Management

Software Quality Management (IF 355)

 Sample short Questions and Answers

  1. How do you consider ISO-9000 for Software Quality Management

ISO 9000 can be an extremely powerful incentive to organizations to get their quality procedure right.  It concentrates on all aspects of QMS.  So ISO 9000 can be appropriate for QMS.

  1. A company by name M/s.FOO Software Service Ltd. is certified for ISO-9002  It wants to apply for ISO-9001.  Enumerate steps to be taken.

There are 2 steps to be taken.
*design control
*servicing

  1. A Company M/s. MICE. Software Development Ltd. is already certified for SEI-CMM Level 3.  It wants to go to level 5.  Indicate steps to be taken by this company to go to level5.

 

           To go to level5 the following steps are to be followed,
Quantitative process management
Software quality management
Defect prevention
Technology change management        
Process change management

  1. What is Certification?

Validating the authenticity of something or someone.

  1. Define Integrity as given by Gilb’s?

Glib defines Integrity as the product’s ability to remain intact while under threat.

  1. What are the Capability levels within SPICE?

Capability levels within SPICE are,
0-Not preferred
1-Performed informally
2-Planned and tracked
3-Well defined
4-Quantitative controlled
5-Continous improvements

  1. Identify the odd one.

ISO, CMM, SPICE, EN29000

Odd one out is ISO

  1. Distinguish direct and indirect measure.

Direct measure:
It involves only one level of mapping.
Indirect measure:
It involves more than one level of mapping.

  1. Name any five companies that are certified with Quality Standards.

Infosys
Microsoft
IBM
Satyam
TCS

  1. What are Software Quality Standards?

Software Quality standards are specific, measurable expectations of desired quality of some service or some activity.   They define the level of quality or performance that a organization is willing to accept as representing quality for their particular services
Example:  ISO 9000, CMM, SPICE

  1. Name few Software Quality Standards Development by SEI?
    1. CMM (Capability maturity model)
    2. PSP (Personal Software Process)
    3. TSP (Team software’s process)

 

  1. What do software Quality and Software Quality Management mean?

Software quality means conformance to standards or specification and fitness for purpose.
Software quality Management means organizing, monitoring the development process to achieve the required quality.

 

  1. How does ISO define Quality Management System?

Quality Management System is ” The organizational structure responsibilities, procedures, processes and resources for implementing quality management”

  1. What is Auditing?

Auditing is” The process of inspecting, evaluating and monitoring companies risk management, reporting, control practices and making suggestions for improvement.”

  1. What is accreditation? What are the types of Accreditation?

The act of granting credit or recognition especially with educational institution that maintain suitable standards.

There are 3 types of accreditation. They are

    1. First party – Internal Monitoring only
    2. Second party – External monitoring only
    3. Third party – External monitoring by an independent standard body
  1. What are demerits of Gilb’s approach?

1.Developer has to set a quality template
2.Extensive training is required.

  1. Match the following with apt one.

Reliability             Error Prediction
Maintainability   Complexity

Correctness                      Modularity

Usability                Readability

Answer:
Reliability              Complexity
Maintainability      Modularity
Correctness            Error Prediction
Usability                Readability

  1. What is TQM?

A method for ridding people’s lives of wasted effort by involving everybody in the process of improving the effectiveness of work, so that results are achieved in less time.
Total quality management is to obtain total quality by involving everyone’s daily commitment.

  1. What is Quality Improvement Team?

The purpose of quality improvement team is to bring together specific expertise to solve a particular problem. It contains 5 to 10 experts from a range of disciplines.  It is lead by person most concerned with task success. life time of this team is limited

  1. What is Software Quality Assurance?

It is an ongoing process to ensure that the plan is being carried out according to the procedures laid down.  The role of quality assurance is to ensure that the quality of the procedures and processes results in a product that fully meets users requirements

  1. What are the benefits of Quality System?
    1. Cost
    2. Timeliness
    3. Reliability
    4. Functionality

e.  Maintainability

  1. What are the merits and demerits of team working?

Merits

        1. Staff morale may increase
        2. The size and scope of the problems to be tackled may increase
        3. The recommendations of the group carry more Weight than individual

Demerits

  1. Individuals may find Hard to fit in
  2. Different Objectives may lead to conflict between teams

3.  Personality clashes may be exaggerated with     in a team

  1. You have been appointed a project manager within an information systems organization. Your job is to build an application that is quite similar to others your team has built, although this one is larger and more complex. Requirements have been thoroughly documented by the customer. What process model would you choose.?

Linear Sequential model

  1. What is process model?

To solve actual problem in industrial setting in engineering or team of engineering must incorporate the development strategy that encompasses the process, methods, tool layers and generic Phases This strategy is often referred to as process model.

  1. What is Formal Technical Review?

A formal technical review is a software quality assurance activity performed by software engineers.  The objectives of the FTR are (1) to uncover errors in function, logic, or implementation for any representation of the software; (2) to verify that the software under review meets its requirements. (3) To ensure that the software has been represented according to predefined standards; (4) to achieve software that is developed in a uniform manner; and (5) to make projects more manageable.

  1. What is SQA Plan?

SQA plan provide a road map for instituting software quality assurance the plan serves as a template for SQA activities that are instituted for each software project.

  1. How do you consider ISO-9000 for Software Quality Management

ISO 9000 can be an extremely powerful incentive to organizations to get their quality procedure right.  It concentrates on all aspects of QMS.  So ISO 9000 can be appropriate for QMS.

 

  1. Define Software Process?

To build a system it is important to go through a series of predictable steps - a road map that helps you create a timely, high quality results. The road map that is followed is called software process.

  1. What is TickIT?

The TickIT scheme promotes the use of standards to improve the quality management of software development.
It provides a supporting certification process to enhance inter-company trading confidence. Because it is based on international standards TickIT is both a ational scheme (BS 5750 Part 1 is identical with ISO 9001 and EN 29001) and an international one. Its importance is that it is the only scheme involving certification by accredited bodies and which has been specifically designed for software development and delivery

  1. What is Statistical Software Quality Assurance?

Statistical quality assurance reflects a growing Trend throughout industry to become more quantitative about quality for software.

  1. What is Quality Circle?

The purpose of quality circle is to allow workers the chance to contribute ideas to solve problems occurring. It contains up to 15 front line workers. It is lead by foreman/line manager. The lifetime is unlimited.

  1. How many spirals does the Spiral Model contain?

Depends upon the projects, It may contain may contain any number of spirals.

  1. Give the demerits of linear sequential model?

Demerits

    1. The real projects rarely follow sequential flow the model proposes.  Although the linear model can accommodate iterations, it does so indirectly, as a result changes can cause confusion

2.It is often difficult for the customer to state all requirements explicitly. 

  1. Define Software Quality?  How is differs from quality?

Software Quality is defined as fitness for purpose and conformance to standards or requirements.
Quality means degree of excellence. Since software quality cannot be viewed as the quality of other products. Software quality is defined as conformance for standard and fitness for purpose.

  1. Which has greater life software or hardware.  What is the advantages of reusing software

Software has longer life than hardware because software has no physical existence; it does not wear out in time and can be reused.

  1. What is CMM?  Mention the Types?

CMM is the acronym for Capability Maturity Model. CMM is a five level framework for measuring software engineering practices, as they relate to process. The 5 levels of the CMM are

    1. Initial
    2. Repeatable
    3. Defined
    4. Managed
    5. Optimizing

The various types of CMM are:
1. SW-CMM (software CMM)

    1. P-CMM (People CMM)
    2. SA-CMM (Software Acquisition CMM)
    3. SE-CMM (System Engineering CMM)
    4. IPD-CMM (Integrated Product Development CMM)
    5. CMM-I (CMM Integrated)
  1. What are software quality criteria?  Name any 6?

A software quality criterion is a feature or characteristics of quality. Each quality criteria has set of quality metrics or measures associated with it.
Some quality criteria are:

    1. Reliability
    2. Maintainability
    3. Usability
    4. Adaptability
    5. Integrity
    6. Portability
  1.   What are characteristics of software product?

1.Software cannot be manufactured .It has to be developed.
2.Software does not wear out.
3.software is custom-built.

  1. Name 5 companies that Associate with quality product or service

WIPRO
IBM
MICROSOFT
Infosys
TCS

  1. What are the problems in metrics?

*They cannot be validated
*They are not generally objective.
*Quality is a relative, not an absolute, quantity.
*They depend upon a small set of measurable properties.
*They do not measure the complete set of quality criteria
*The metrics measure more than one quality criterion

  1. What is predictive metric?

Predictive metric is used to make prediction about the software later in the lifecycle. Eg: structured-ness is used to predict maintainability of the software product.

  1. Define Descriptive metric

A descriptive metric describes the state of the software at the time of measurement. Eg: reliability metric might be based upon the number of system crashes during a given period.

 

 

 

  1. What are the relation between Quality criteria?

1.Direct relationship
2.Indirect relationship
3.Neutral relationship

  1. What you mean by overall measure of quality?

Overall measure of quality is the way of representing the complete set of measurable properties in a single method.
Eg : Polarity profile
Simple scoring method

  1. What you mean by views of quality?

Views of quality are about how the user or developer perceives the quality in different aspects.

  1. What are the five different views of quality suggested by Garvin?

The five different views of Garvin are,
Transcendent view
Product based view
User based view
Value based view  
Manufacturing view

 

  1. What is the role of a project manager?

A project manager has the responsibilities for the project on the supply side. He is keen to produce a product, which is reliable and maintainable and will keep the customer satisfied.

  1. What is the role of a Quality auditor?

The quality auditor detects departures from a quality solution, whether it is technical defects or a poor match to requirement.

  1. What is QIP?

A special Quality Improvement Program was proposed, evaluated, approved , and swiftly implemented. The QIP involved five extra activities:
Blitz testing
Customer evaluation
Code inspections
Design reviews
Extension of system test

  1. What is ISO 9001?

ISO 9001 deals with design development, production, Installation and servicing.
ISO 9001 can be an extremely powerful incentive to organizations to get their  quality procedures right. Te model of a quality system which forms the heart of ISO 9001 is its emphasis on quality control procedures. It does not specify any particular tools or methods at any stage.

  1. What is ISO 9002?

The ISO 9002 is a subset of the ISO9001. it deals with specification of a QMS for production and installation. The standard is based around a model specification for QMS.

  1. What is ISO 9003?

            ISO 9003 primarily deals with the final inspection and testing to assure quality in      the products that the company receives from other companies.

 

  1. What is ISO 9004?

ISO 9004 gives guidance to organizations that provide services to customers that may or may not have a product to offer. Some organizations usually support the products they supply instead of designing or manufacturing the products.

  1. What is ISO 9000-3?

The ISO 9000-3 notes for guidance for applying ISO 9001 in to software development. It should not be confused with either ISO90003 or ISO 9004.
ISO 9000-3 has a target audience of the IT community. It is intended as a complete document in its own right and its structure therefore differs from ISO 9001.

  1. What is management spectrum?

People , process , product , project are called management spectrum.

  1. What is software metrics?

It is the manageable of property, which is the indicator of one or more quality criteria.

  1. What is measurement?

Measurement is the act of determining a measure.

  1. What is DRE?

 

A quality metric that provides benefit at both the project and process level is defect removal efficiency. DRE is the measure of the filtering ability of the quality assurance and the control activities as they are applied through out all process framework activities.
DRE=E/(E+D)
Where E – The number of errors found before delivery of the software to          the enduser.
D – Number of defects found after delivery

  1. What is Product metrics? Give example?

Product metrics are those that describe the characteristics of the product.
Eg: size, complexity , design features , performance.

 

  1. What is Process metric? Give example?

Process metrics are those that can be used for improving the software development and maintenance process.
Examples include the effectiveness of defect removal during development, the pattern of testing defect arrival, and the response time to fix the process.

  1. What is Project metric? Give example

Project metrics are those that describe the project characteristics and execution.
Examples include the number of software developers, staffing pattern over the lifecycle of the software, cost, schedule and productivity.

  1. What are the principal aspects of QMS for software?
There are four principal aspects

          1.Development procedures
2.Quality control
3.Quality improvement   
4.Quality assurance

  1. What is quality control?

Quality control involves the series of inspections, reviews and tests used throughout the software process to ensure each work product meets the requirements placed on it. Quality control includes a feedback loop to the process that created the work product.

  1. Define structuredness?

Structuredness is used to predict  the maintainability of the software product in use.
McCall’s structuredness metric = n01  /n tot                
Where n01  = no of modules containing 1 or 0 exit points only
n tot    = total number of modules

  1. Name few software Quality models?

1.McCalls model
2.Boehm Model
3.COQUAMO model

                          

  1. Name few software Process models?

1.incremental model
2.Spiral model
3.Waterfall model
4.Win-Win model
5. Prototyping model     

  1. Name few Critical practices in Project?

Critical practices in software Development are,
*Formal risk management
*Empirical cost and schedule estimation
*Metric based project management
*Earned value clinic
*Defect training against quality targets
*People aware program management.

  1. What is linear sequential model?

Linear sequential model sometimes called as waterfall or classical model. It suggests a systematic, sequential approach to software development that begins at the system level and progresses through analysis, design, coding, testing and support.

  1. What is Prototyping model?

The framework of the end product is initially created this is called the prototype, which is then further developed to form the original product.

  1. What is WIN-WIN strategy?

The Win -Win Strategy is that the customer wins by getting the system or product that satisfies the majority of the customer’s needs and the developer wins by working to realistic and achievable budgets and deadlines.

  1. Give the merits of linear sequential model?

Merits:

    1. It is easy to understand with a single goal to compute required activities.
    2. It is easy to use as development proceeds from one phase to another.
    3. It provides structure to a technically weak or inexperienced staff.
    4. It provides requirement stability.
  1. Mention the merits of prototyping model?

Merits:

    1. The end user can see the system requirements as they are being gathered by the project team.
    2. Communication issues between customers and developers are minimized.
    3. Quality is built-in with early user involvement.
    4. Development costs are saved through less re-work.
  1. Mention the demerits of Prototyping model?

Demerits:

    1. Customer may expect the exact look and feel of the prototype. Infact, it may have to be ported to a different platform, with different tools to accommodate size/ performance issues resulting in a different user interface.
    2. The developer and user do not always understand that when a prototype is evolved, into a new final product, traditional documentation is still necessary.
    3. Prototype model will not be appropriate one when the technology changes.
  1. Mention the merits of Incremental model?

Merits:

    1. An operational product is delivered with each increment.
    2. Lessons learnt at the end of each incremental delivery can result in positive revisions for the next; a customer has a opportunity to response to each phase.
    3. The initial delivery cost is lower.
    4. The risk of failure and changing requirements is reduced.

 

  1. What are the demerits of Incremental model?

 Demerits:

    1. The model does not allow for iterations with each increment.
    2. Because some modules will be completed long before others, well-defined interfaces are required.
  1. What are the merits of Rapid Application Development model?

Merits:

    1. The cycle time for the full product can be reduced due to the use of powerful development tools.
    2. Time Box approach indicates cost and schedule risk.
    3. Re-use existing program components
  1. What are the demerits of Rapid Application Development model?

Demerits:

    1. The model requires highly skilled and well-trained developers in the use of chosen development tools to achieve the rapid turn around time.
    2. It requires a system that can be properly modularized.
    3. It can fail if reusable components are not available.
    4. It requires developers and customers who are committed to rapid-fire activities in an abbreviated time frame.
  1. What is W5hh principle?

W5HH is given by Boehm. He suggested an approach that addresses project objectives, milestones and schedules, responsibilities, management and technical approaches and required resources.

  1. What is RISK management?

Risk management is the procedure that explains the process of managing risk through analysis. This procedure does not provide solutions to perceived risks.

 

 

 

  1. What is software Engineering?

Software Engineering is defined as establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to obtain economical software that is reliable and works efficiently on real machines.

  1. What are the layers of software Engineering?

Layers of software engineering are,
*Tools
*Methods
*Process
*A quality focus

  1. What is polarity profile?

Quality profiling is the method for measuring overall measure of quality.  In this scheme, quality is represented by series of ranges from –3 to +3.The-required quality may be represented and compared to actual quality achieved.

  1.  In CMM model, which level includes Software Quality Management?

In CMM model, Software Quality Management is given in the fourth level referred as MANAGED

  1. Name few software quality criteria?

           *Reusability
*Integrity
*Reliability
*Efficiency
*Inter-operability
*Portability

  1. Mention the team structures given by Constantine?
          1. Open paradigm
          2. Closed paradigm
          3. Random paradigm
          4. Synchronous paradigm

 

  1. What is usability?

Usability is the ease of use of the software.

  1. What is Integrity?

Integrity is the protection of the program from unauthorized access

  1. What is efficiency?

Efficiency is concerned with the use of resources
Eg.  Processor time, storage.  It falls into two categories: Execution efficiency and storage efficiency.

  1. What is correctness?

Correctness is the extent to which a program fulfils its specification

  1. What is reliability?

Reliability is its ability not to fail.

  1. What is maintainability?

Maintainability is the effort required to locate and fix a fault inn the program within its operating environment.

  1. What is flexibility?

Flexibility is the ease of making changes required by changes in the operating environment

  1. What is testability?

           Testability is the ease of testing the program to ensure that it is error-free and meets its specification

 

  1. What is portability?

           Portability is the effect required to transfer a program from one environment to another 

98. Mention the team structures given by mantei?

  1. Democratic Decentralized
Controlled Centralized
  1. Controlled Decentralized

99.What is Reusability?
Reusability is ease of re-using software in different context.

100. What is Interoperability?
Interoperability is the effort required to couple the system to another system.

 

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