Health, Safety, and Physical Education glossary

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Health, Safety, and Physical Education glossary

GLOSSARY

Abstinence: Choosing not to do something or completely giving something up in order to gain something.

Acute illness: A health condition of sudden onset, sharp rises and short course.

Adolescence: The period of life beginning with puberty and ending with completed growth.

Aerobic: Physical activity or exercise done at a steady pace for an extended period of time so that the heart can supply as much oxygen as the body needs (e.g., walking, running, swimming, cycling).

Agility: A component of physical fitness that relates to the ability to rapidly change the position of the entire body in space with speed and accuracy.

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: a condition that results when infection with HIV causes a breakdown of the body’s ability to fight other infections.

Allergen: A substance that stimulates the production of antibodies and subsequently results in allergic reactions
(e.g., mold spores, cat/dog dander, dust).

Alternate Assessment:
An alternative assessment is one which is different from those assessments which we normally give students (i.e., true/false, matching, essay questions, standardized tests, etc.). They are "untraditional", (i.e., drawing a picture, making a video of a particular skill, etc). On many occasions this type of assessing allows students to create a product that the teacher will have to grade (usually using a rubric). Often times students work with other classmates to complete.

Anaerobic: Physical activity or exercise done in short, fast bursts so that the heart cannot supply oxygen as fast as the body needs (e.g., sprinting, weightlifting, football).

Assertive: The expression of thoughts and feelings without experiencing anxiety or threatening others.

Assessment: The process of gathering evidence about a student’s level of achievement and making inferences based on
that evidence for a variety of purposes.

Authentic assessment: An assessment that evaluates learning as demonstrated through a holistic performance of a skill or knowledge in a real-life setting. This is an assessment done in a "real-life" setting, as opposed to a more "sterile" testing situation. The instruction and assessment are both born out of situations from what our life is really like. For example, instead of taking a skill out of the context of the game, we would observe the skill IN the game. The more the assessment takes place in "real life", the more authentic it is.

Automatic Stage of Learning: Movement responses flow and the individual can focus on what to do without thinking about it.

Balance: A skill-related component of physical fitness that relates to the maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or moving.

Biomechanical principles: The science concerned with the action of forces
internal or external, on the living body.

Body composition: A health-related component of physical fitness that relates to the percentage of fat tissue and lean tissue in the body.

Body systems: Anatomically or functionally related parts of the body (e.g., skeletal, nervous, immune, circulatory systems).

Caloric content: The amount of energy supplied by food. The
More calories in the food, the more fattening.

Cardiorespiratory fitness: A health related component of physical fitness relating to the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity.

Centrifugal: The force that seems to pull an object away from the
center as it moves in a circle.

Centripetal: The force that is required to keep an object moving around a circular path.

Chronic illness: A health condition of long duration or frequent
recurrence.

Circuit training: Exercise program, similar to an obstacle course, in which the person goes from one place to another doing a different exercise at each place.

Closed: Skills that are performed in an environment that does not change or that changes very little, such as archery or the foul shot in basketball.

Coordination Ability to integrate movements or to use two or more body parts together.

Communicable: Illness caused by pathogens that enter the body through direct or indirect contact and can be transmitted from one host to another.

Community helpers: Any group or individual who plays a role in health promotion or disease prevention such as doctors, nurses, dentists, teachers, parents, firemen, policemen, trash collectors, animal control officers.

Competency: Sufficient ability, skill, and knowledge to meet the demands of a particular task.

Content standards: Stated expectations that specify what students should know and be able to do for a given discipline.

Continuous: Two or more repetitions of the same skill such as dribbling in basketball or soccer.

Cool-down: Brief, mild exercise done after vigorous exercise to help
the body safely return to a resting state.

Coordination: A skill-related component of physical fitness that relates to the ability to use the senses together with body parts in performing motor tasks smoothly and accurately.

CPR: A first aid technique, which involves rescue breathing and chest (heart) compressions, that is used to revive a person whose heart has stopped beating.

Critical elements: The important parts of a skill.

Decision-making process: An organized approach to making choices.

Developmental differences: Learners are at different levels in their motor, cognitive,
emotional, social and physical development.
The learners’ developmental status will affect their ability to learn or improve.

Developmentally appropriate: Motor skill development and change that occur in an orderly, sequential fashion and are age and experience related.

Directions: Forward, backward, left, right, up, down.

Discrete: Single skill performed in isolation from other motor skills such as the soccer penalty kick and golf stroke.

Dynamic balance: Equilibrium used when in motion, starting and stopping.

Eating disorders: Food-related dysfunction in which a person changes eating habits in a way that is harmful to the mind or body (e.g., bulimia, anorexia nervosa).

Efficiency of movement: The state or quality of competence in performance with minimum expenditure of time and effort.

Equilibrium: State in which there is no change in the motion of a body.

Feedback: Information given to the learner about how to improve or correct a movement.

Flexibility: A health-related component of physical fitness that Relates to the range of motion available at a joint.

Food guide pyramid: A visual tool used to help people plan healthy diets according to the Dietary Guidelines for
America.

Force: Any external agent that causes a change in the motion of a body.

Form: Manner or style of performing a movement according to recognized standards of technique.

Good performance: The ability to correctly select what to do and the ability to execute the selection appropriately.

Health: A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

Health education: Planned, sequential K-12 program of curricula and instruction that helps students develop knowledge, attitudes and skills related to the physical, mental, emotional and social dimensions of health.

Health-related fitness: Components of physical fitness that have a relationship with good health. Components are cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility and body composition.

Heimlich maneuver: A first aid technique that is used to relieve complete
Airway obstruction

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus that infects cells of the immune system and other tissues and causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

I-statement A statement describing a specific behavior or event and the effect that behavior or event has on a person and the feelings that result.

Inertia: A body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by a force.

Inhalant: Chemicals that produce vapors that act on the central nervous system and alter a user’s moods, perceptions, feelings, personality and behavior such as airplane glue and aerosols.

Instructional alignment: Congruence of student outcomes, learning experiences, and assessments.

Integumentary system: Body system composed of the skin, hair, nails and
Glands.

Intensity: How hard a person should exercise to improve fitness.

Interval training: An anaerobic exercise program that consists of runs of
short distance followed by rest.

Kinetic: Energy that an object possesses because it is moving,
such as a pitched baseball or a person running.

Levels: Positions of the body (e.g., high, medium, low).

Linear motion: Movement which occurs in a straight path.

Locomotor movement: Movements producing physical displacement of the body, usually identified by weight transference via the feet. Basic locomotor steps are the walk, run, hop and jump as well as the irregular rhythmic combinations of the skip, slide and gallop.

Long-term memory:                  Ability to recall information that was learned days or even years ago.

Manipulative movements:         Control of objects with body parts and implements. Action causes an object to move from one place to another.

Mature form: The critical elements of a skill, performed in a smooth and continuous motion.

Maximum heart rate The highest number of times the heart can beat in one minute.

Mechanical advantage: The ratio between the force put into a machine and the force that comes out of the same machine.

Media sources: Various forms of mass communication such as television, radio, magazines, newspapers and internet.

Moderate physical activity: Sustained, repetitive, large muscle movements
(e.g., walking, running, cycling) done at less than 60% of maximum heart rate for age. Maximum heart rate is 220 beats per minute minus participant’s age.

Motor skills: Non-fitness abilities that improve with practice and
relate to one’s ability to perform specific sports
and other motor tasks (e.g., tennis serve, shooting a basketball).

Motor stage of learning: Individual working to perfect the motor skill and
make conscious adjustments to the environment.

Movement pattern An organized series of related movements.

Movement skills: Proficiency in performing nonlocomotor, locomotor and manipulative movements that are the foundation for participation in physical activities.

Muscular endurance: A health-related component of physical fitness that relates to the ability of a muscle to continue to perform without fatigue.

Muscular strength: A health-related component of physical fitness that relates to the ability of the muscle to exert force.

Newton’s Laws of Motion: Three laws by Sir Isaac Newton that explain the relations between force and the motions produced by them: The Law of Inertia, Force and Acceleration, Reacting Forces.

Noncommunicable: Illness that is not caused by a pathogen that is not
transmitted from one host to another.

Nonlocomotor movement: Movements that do not produce physical displacement
of the body.

Nutrient: A basic component of food that nourishes the body.

Open: Skill performed in an environment that varies or is unpredictable such as the tennis forehand or the soccer pass.

Overload: A principle of exercise that states that the only way to improve fitness is to exercise more than the normal.

Pathways: Patterns of travel while performing locomotor
movements (e.g., straight, curved, zigzag).

Performance Assessment: An assessment in which students are asked to make, do, or create something--basically, the 3 "P's": A performance task (doing something, like a gymnastics sequence); product task (like an art project); or portfolio task (essay, brochure, etc.). Students actually create, as opposed to just regurgitating answers on a test form.

Performance standards: Stated outcome that indicate the quality of student
Performance that is acceptable to meet the content
Standards.

Physical activity: Bodily movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle and which substantially increases energy expenditure.

Physical education: Planned, sequential, movement-based program of curricula and instruction that helps students develop knowledge, attitudes, motor skills, self-management skills and confidence needed to adapt and maintain a physically active life.

Physical fitness: A set of attributes that people have or achieve and that relate to their ability to perform physical activity. Generally accepted to consist of health-related fitness and skill-related fitness.

Potential: Energy stored in a body because of its position such as
the crouch position prior to a jump.

Power: A skill-related component of physical fitness that
relates to the rate at which one can perform work.

Principles of exercise: Guidelines to follow to obtain the maximum benefits
from physical activity and exercise.

Principles of training: Guidelines to follow to obtain the maximum benefits
from an exercise plan.

Progression:                              A principle of exercise that states that a person should
                                                  start slowly and increase exercise gradually.

Reaction time:                           A skill-related component of physical fitness that relates to the time elapsed between stimulation and the beginning of the response to it.

Recovery heart rate The number of beats per minute the heart drops after cessation of exercise. The more quickly the heart rate drops, the higher the fitness level.

Reflective listening: An active listening skill in which the individual lets others know he/she has heard and understands what has been said.

Refusal skills: Systematic ways to handle situations in which a person wants to say no to an action and/or leave an environment that threatens health or safety, breaks laws, results in lack of respect for self and others or disobeys guidelines set by responsible adults.

Repetitions: Number of times an exercise is repeated.

Rescue breathing: Technique used to supply air to an individual who is not
breathing.

Resting heart rate The number of heartbeats in 60 seconds when you first awake. This is taken before lifting your head or sitting up.

Rubric: A rubric is a rating scale and list of criteria by which student knowledge, skills, and/or performance can be assessed.

Rotary motion:                          Force that produces movement that occurs around an axis or center point such as a somersault.

Safety education:                       Planned, sequential program of curricula and instruction that helps students develop the knowledge, attitudes and confidence needed to protect them from injury.

Sample performance outcomes: Examples of student behavior at each grade-level
Range that demonstrate progress toward achieving the
Standards.

Self-space: All the space that the body or its parts can reach
without traveling from a starting location.

Serial: Two or more different skills performed with each other such as fielding a ball and throwing it or dribbling a basketball and shooting it.

Set: A group of several repetitions.

Short-term memory: Ability to recall recently learned information, such as
within the past few seconds or minutes.

Skill-related fitness: Consists of components of physical fitness that have a relationship with enhanced performance in sports and motor skills. The components are agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time and speed.

Specificity: A principle of exercise that states that specific kinds of exercises must be done to develop specific aspects of the body and specific aspects of fitness.

Speed: A skill-related component of physical fitness that relates to the ability to perform a movement or cover a distance in a short period of time.

Standards Stated expectations that specify what students should
Know and be able to do

Static balance: Maintaining equilibrium while holding a pose or
remaining motionless.

Strategies: Competitive decisions made by individuals and /or a team about the overall play of the game in order to defeat the opponent (e.g., how to handle a particular player, what kind of defense will be used in a game); overall plan of attack.

Strength Amount of force produced by muscles.

Student expectations: Grouped grade-level delineations for each standard reflecting what students should know and be able to do at the end of the grade-level- range (e.g., K-2).

STD: Sexually transmitted disease.

Tactics: Individual movements of players or teams to accomplish an immediate goal or accommodate the specific situation. Tactics take place within the game as an ongoing part of game play and include decisions an individual makes about when, why, and how to respond to a particular situation.

Universal precautions: An approach to infection control. All human blood and body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious.

Warm-up: Brief, mild exercise that is done to get ready for more
vigorous exercise.

Verbal cognitive stage               The individual is attempting to move from verbal instruction to trying to figure out how to actually do
                                                  the skill. The first attempts at the skill are generally mechanical and success is inconsistent. The individual thinks through each step of the movement.

Vigorous physical activity:        Sustained, repetitive, large muscle movements
                                                  (e.g., running, swimming, soccer) done at 60% or more of maximum heart rate for age. Maximum heart rate is 220 beats per minute minus the participant’s age. Activity makes person sweat and breathe hard.

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