Meaning of madrasa
Madrasa
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Art and architecture
Glossary of terms history of Islamic art and architecture
Meaning and definition of madrasa :
An institute for higher education, in which religious sciences were taught. The madrasa usually consisted of the teaching halls and the dorms. Students there studied Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), traditional system of mathematics (abjad), literature, history, higher grammar, etc. The earliest madrasas we know of are those built in the tenth century A.D. in eastern Iran. Modern historians working on the pre-Saljuq period in eastern Iran suggest that madrasas existed one and a half centuries before the official Saljuq adoption of the institution. These however had not been open to the public during that period. The Ghaznavids also used madrasas in order to spread Islam in the areas of Ghur. Medieval documents prove the existence of about 38 madrasas in Nishapur alone, all predating the great madrasa of Nizam al-Mulk (1068 A.D.). The formal history of the madrasa as a public institution starts with the Saljuk wazir Nizam al-Mulk who inaugurated his madrasa in Baghdad in 1068 A.D. Following this inauguration, several madrasas were disseminated throughout the Saljuk territories and many were found in cities including Merv, Balkh and Herat. Some of these madrasas were annexed to already existing mosques. Some of the madrasas were built by teachers who taught in them, by Sufis or by wealthy notables. Many madrasas were built next to the houses of the founders or in other cases the houses became the madrasas. Architectural origins of the madrasa are traced back to eastern Iran where the institution originated. Bartol’d linked the madrasa to the Buddhist vihara, which flourished in eastern Iran and Central Asia right before the Muslim conquest of the area. The structure was a communal one combining worship, education and burial. The vihara constituted of several elements and the ones discovered are of a four-iwan plan overlooking a courtyard. André Godard argues that the Khurasani house plan is the origin of the madrasa plan, with its four iwans overlooking a courtyard. In the beginning each madrasa was dedicated to the teaching of one of the four schools of law (madhhab), Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki or Shafi'i. The tutor in the madrasa sits, probably with his back against a pillar, and expounds to a group of students sitting in a circle around him in what is known as a halaqa. Since Egypt was Shi‘i during the dissemination of madrasas all around the Islamic world, there are no madrasas to be found in it before the twelfth century A.D. Madrasas were introduced in Egypt with the advent of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi, who used the institution to eliminate all the traces of Shi‘i presence in Egypt. Five years after his arrival there were five madrasas in Cairo. The most important of the Ayyubid madrasas was the last, the Salihiyya built in 1242 A.D., which was intended for all the four rites. Under the rule of the Mamluks the building of madrasas flourished tremendously, the first of which was that of Baybars al-Bunduqdari built in 1266 A.D. in the form of a cruciform plan or four iwan plan overlooking a courtyard. In 1356 A.D. we get the first mosque-madrasa in Cairo, that of Sultan Hasan with a miniature scale plan of the mosque for each madrasa occupying one of the corners of the building. Being of a residential nature madrasas had amenities for the students living inside like toilets, kitchens, stables and in some cases, hospitals.
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Glossary of terms history of Islamic art and architecture
Madrasa
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