Meaning of saljuks (1038-1195 a.d.)
Saljuks (1038-1195 A.D.)
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Art and architecture
Glossary of terms history of Islamic art and architecture
Meaning and definition of saljuks (1038-1195 a.d.) :
This was the first great Turkish dynasty to rule Iranian lands. The advent of Turkic tribes from beyond the Oxus and Syr Darya rivers had already been taking place long before the rise of Islam, and they were known as the nomadic predators of the Iranian north-eastern frontiers and the mercenaries in the armies of the Abbasid Caliphate. Those migrating into the Iranian lands were Turkish military aristocracy and many small Turkish dynasties replaced the established Iranian ones as what happened with the Samanids and the Ma’munid Khawarazm-Shahs. The Saljuks belong to the Oghuz clan part of the Gok Turkic tribes, rising to power with Tughril who marched into Baghdad in 1055 A.D. deposing the Buwayhid prince, and by 1058 A.D. the Abbasid Caliph al-Qa’im had bestowed on him an honorary title. The advent of the Saljuks, who eventually ruled from Transoxiana to Anatolia marks the elimination of the Shi‘i presence in this part of the world. Not having a rich culture of their own, they adopted the cultural and literary heritage of Persia and maintained a Persian administration. They opened the way for the immigration of Turkic tribes to Anatolia, eventually leading to the Turkicization of Byzantine lands following the Manzikert victory in 1071 A.D. Sunni Islam was to become the system of their government, especially with the eradication of the Shi‘i Buwayhids. The Saljuks were the bearers of the flag of Sunni Islam and which they spread through the institution of the madrasa. The formal history of the madrasa as a public institution started with the Saljuk vizier, Nizam al-Mulk, who inaugurated his madrasa in Baghdad in 1068 A.D. Following this inauguration, more madrasas were established throughout the Saljuk territories, and many were found in Merv, Balkh, and Herat. Viziers, military officials and merchants also endorsed several madrasas. Architectural forms developed and spread rapidly during the Saljuk dynasty. An important transformation took place in the mosque plan, where a new prototype incorporating a domed chamber in the qibla area in front of the mihrab evolved. The combination of four iwans overlooking a court with a dome chamber on the qibla side soon became a standard plan throughout the Iranian lands. In general, the iwan became an important feature in both secular and religious architecture. In terms of decoration, elaborate stucco and terracotta were extensively used in Iran and the eastern areas, while stone was used in Anatolia. Few Saljuk monuments still remain in their homeland, Iran, for the majority was destroyed by the Mongul invasion. There are several madrasas and tombs in Iraq and Syria, but the most Saljuk monuments have remained in Anatolia.
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Glossary of terms history of Islamic art and architecture
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