World war I and the roaring twenties study guide summary
World war I and the roaring twenties study guide summary
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World war I and the roaring twenties study guide summary
World War I and Roaring Twenties
A. A Global Power
1. Becoming a World Power
a) Roosevelt
b) Taft
c) Wilson
2. The Great War
a) The Guns of August
b) American Neutrality
3. The Western Front
German forces swept through Belgium toward Paris.
- soon violated the Schlieffen Plan
Russia mobilized far more quickly than expected
- Russian forces won a few small victories in eastern Prussia
- Germany hastily shifted some troops to the east
- weakened German forces in the west
British troops reached France
- September 1914
- joined the French along the Marne River
Germans crossed the Marne River
- September 5, 1914
- about twelve miles from Paris
- lacked the strength to take the French capital
Battle of the Marne
- pushed back the German offensive
- destroyed Germany’s hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front
both sides dug in for the winter
- did not know that the conflict would turn into a long, deadly stalemate
German controlling most of Belgium
- German controlling large section of northern France
lines in France would remain almost unchanged for four years
a) Trench Warfare
b) Costly Battles
both the Allies and Central Powers launched massive offensive
- break the stalemate
- 1916
German forces tried to overwhelm the French at Verdun
- February 1916
- French sent up the battle cry ‘They shall not pass.’
- French defenders held firm
- 11 – month struggle
- French suffered some 540,000 casualties
- German losses exceeded 430,000
allied offensive
- Somme (SAHM) River
- July 1916
- thirty – mile front
- British used tanks for the first time
- five – month battle
- over one million soldiers were killed
- without either side winning an advantage
- Allies achieved a maximum advance of only seven miles
- battle ended in November
- British casualties totaled 400,000
- 60,0000 British soldiers were killed or wounded
- singly grisly day
- French suffered 200,000 casualties
- German casualties at 650,000
4. Technology of Modern Warfare
5. A Global Conflict
a) Eastern Europe
Russian armies pushed into eastern Germany
- August 1914
battle of Tannenberg
- Russians suffered one of the worst defeats of the war
- causing them to retreat
Germans pushed toward Warsaw in eastern Poland.
- occupied most of Russian Poland & Lithuania
- end of 1915
Russians held almost all of Galicia
- Austrian Poland
- end of 1914
armies in the east fought on Russian soil
Russia was poorly equipped to fight a modern war
- troops sometimes lacked even rifles
- Russian commanders continued to throw masses of peasant soldiers into combat
Tsar Nicholas II took over the supreme command of the Russian army
- September 1915
Rumania entered the war
- Russia’s side in August
- hoping to acquire the province of Transylvania
- from Austria – Hungary
Austro – German forces had defeated and occupied Rumania
- January 1917
Germans had defeated Russia
- end of 1916
- revolutions of 1917 ended any possibility that the Russians might continue fighting
Treaty of Brest – Litovsk
- signed in March 1918
- ended the war between Russia and the Central Powers
b) Southern Europe
Bulgaria joined the Central Powers
- 1915
- helped crush its old Balkan rival Serbia
Treaty of London of 1915
- Italy had signed a secret treaty with the Allies
- promising the Italians Austrian and Turkish territory
- colonies in Africa
Italy entered the war on the Allied side
- May 1915
Austrians and Germans launched a major offensive
- against the Italian position at Caporetto
- October 1917
- Italians retreated in disarray
British and French had to rush troops
- help the Italians stabilize the front
c) The War Outside Europe
Japan
- allied with Britain
- excuse to seize German outposts
- China and islands in the Pacific
- tried to impose a protectorate on China
(1) The Gallipoli Campaign
Ottoman empire
- joined the Central Powers
- November 1914
Turks closed off Allied ships from the Dardanelles
- vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean
- unable to ship vital war supplies to the faltering Russians
Allies sent a massive force of British, Indian, Australian, and New Zealander troops to open up the strait
- February 1915
battle of Gallipoli
- Turkish troops tied down the trapped Allies on the beaches
- 10 months and more than 200,000 casualties
- Allies finally withdrew from the Dardanelles
- January 1916
Bulgaria entered the war on Germany’s side
- October 1915
- at odds with Serbia since the Second Balkan War
- 1913
- hoped to square accounts
- forces helped Germany and Austria crush Serbia
- end of 1915
(2) The War in the Middle East
Ottoman empire
- vast areas of Arab land
Arab nationalists declared a revolt against Ottoman rule
- 1916
- led by Husayn ibn Ali
British sent Colonel T.E. Lawrence to support the Arab revolt
- Lawrence of Arabia
- led guerrilla raids against the Turks
- dynamiting bridges and supply trains
Ottoman empire lost a great deal of territory to the Arabs
- including the key city of Baghdad
Allies were able to make substantial gains
- Turkish expense
Russians succeeded vs Turkish offensive
- early 1915
- Caucasus
Turks began to deport & massacre the Armenians
- accused of aiding the Russians
Turkish Straits closed to Allied shipping
- British hoped to open a route to Russia through Turkish – ruled Mesopotamia
British seized Baghdad
- soon took control of most of Mesopotamia
- March 1917
d) War and the Colonies
European colonies were drawn into the struggle
Allies overran scatter German colonies
- Africa and Asia
turned to their own colonies and dominions
- troops, laborers, and supplies
- Canada, Australia, and New Zealand sent troops to Britain’s aid
- colonial recruits from British India and French West Africa fought on European battlefields
Source : http://www.bradwynne.com/us-history/notes/wwi-battles.doc
Web site link to visit: http://www.bradwynne.com
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World war I and the roaring twenties study guide summary
THE ROARING TWENTIES
PART I: Politics
A desire for normality after the war and a fear of communism and “foreigners” led to postwar isolationism.
Section 1: Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues
Postwar Trends
-The economy was down.
*Nativism- prejudiced against foreign-born people.
*Isolationism- a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs.
Fear of Communism
*Communism- an economic and political system based on a single party government ruled by a dictatorship.
-In order to equalize wealth and power, Communists would put an end to private property, substituting government ownership of factories, railroads, and other businesses.
The Red Scare
-Began in 1919, after the Bolsheviksoverthrew the czarist regime in Russia.
-Led by Vladimir Lenin.
-A Communist Party formed in the US and the American public grew fearful that Communists were taking over.
-US Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer took action to combat this “Red Scare.”
-In 1919, Palmer appointed J. Edgar Hooveras his special assistant.
Palmer Raids
-Palmer, Hoover, and other agents hunted down suspected communist, socialist, and *Anarchists- people who oppose any form of government.
*Sacco and Vanzetti- although short-lived, the red scare had people suspicions of foreigners and immigrants. These were two of the most famous victims.
-In May 1920 the men (both Italian) were arrested and charged with robbery and murder of a factory paymaster and his guard in MA.
-Even though the evidence against them was circumstantial, the jury still found them guilty and sentenced them to death.
Limiting Immigration
-The Klan Rises Again- as a result of the red scare.
-The Quota System- 1919 to 1921, immigration in the US had grown almost 600%.
*Quota System- 1921 established the maximum number of people who could enter that the US from each foreign country.
-Goal: was to sharply cut European immigration to the US.
-The law prohibited Japanese immigration, causing much ill will between the two nations. (Remember the gentleman's agreement of 1907)
A Time of Labor Unrest
-After the war, striking became common once again.
-Employers labeled striking workers as Communists.
Three strikes in particular grabbed public attention:
1. The Boston Police Strike- over a pay raise - Governor Calvin Coolidgecalled out the National Guard. The strike ended, but the strikers could not return to work
2. The Steel Mill Strike- (September 1919 - January 1920)
-Wanted shorter working hours and a living wage.
-Over 300,000 workers walked off their jobs. Police, federal troops, and state militias beat the strikers.
-Again, the strikers were propagandized as communists.
-In the end, the steel companies agreed to an 8-hour day, but the steelworkers remained without a union.
3. The Coal Miners Strike- (November 1919)
The United Mineworkers of America, with their new leader, *John L. Lewis, they pushed for a raise and shorter working hours.
-The court ordered the miners back to work and Wilson appointed an arbitrator to put an end to the dispute.
-During the 1920, labor union movements lost their appeal. Membership decline for several reasons:
- Much of the work force consisted of immigrants willing to work for less in poor conditions.
- Since immigrants spoke a multitude of languages, unions had difficulty organizing.
- Farmers who had migrated to cities to find factory jobs were used to relying on themselves.
- Most unions excluded African-Americans.
Section 2: The Harding Presidency (1921–1923)
-The Harding administration appealed to America's desire for calm and peace after war, but resulted in scandal.
Harding Struggles for Peace
-In 1921, Harding invited several major powers to the Washington Naval Conference.
(Russia was mad because they were not invited.)
*Charles Evan Hughes- Secretary of State - urged that no more warships be built for 10 years.
-He suggested that the 5 major naval powers- (US, GB, Japan, France, and Italy) scrap many other battleships, cruisers, and aircraft carriers.
-For the first time in history, powerful nations agreed to disarm.
-In 1928, 15 nations signed the *Kellogg-Briand Pact- renouncing war as a national policy.
-However, the pact provided no means of enforcement.
High Tariffs and Reparations- new conflicts arose when it came time for Britain and France to pay back the 10 billion they had borrowed from America.
-They could do this in two ways: by selling goods to the United States or by collecting reparations from Germany.
-In 1922, America adopted the *Fordney-McCumber Tariff- which raised taxes on US imports to 60%, the highest level ever.
-This made it impossible for Great Britain and France to sell enough goods in the US to repay its debts.
-As the two countries looked to Germany for payment from the reparations, American banker *Charles G. Daweswas sent to negotiate loans.
-Through what came to be known as the *Dawes Plan- American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France with annual payments on a fixed scale.
Scandal Hits Harding's Administration
Harding's Cabinet- included the so-called Ohio Gang, the president's poker playing cronies, who would soon cause a great deal of embarrassment.
*The Teapot Dome Scandal- Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Falls’ secret leasing of oil-rich public land to private companies in return for money and land.
-Fall was later found guilty of bribery and became the first American to be convicted of afelony while holding at Cabinet post.
-In 1923, President Harding died suddenly and VP Calvin Coolidge assumed the presidency.
-He helped to restore people's faith in their government and in the Republican Party. The next year, Coolidge was elected president.
Section 3: The Business of America
-Consumer goods fueled the business boom of the 1920s as America's standard of living soared.
American Industries Flourish
-Coolidge and Hoover favored low taxes. This meant that people had more money in their pockets.
-Wages were rising because of new technology and so was productivity.
The Impact of the Automobile
-Paved roads -- the legendary Route 66 (Chicago to California) became a status symbol.
-Many towns then settled along the route.
-This led to new houses equipped with a garage or carport and a driveway.
-Gas stations, repair stations, public motels, camps, and shopping centers.
-The first automatic traffic signals began blinking in Detroit in the early 1920s.
*Urban Sprawl- the unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions.
Airplane Industry- founded in 1927, Pan American Airways inaugurated the first transatlantic passenger flights.
America's Standard of Living Soared
1920-1929- Annual income rose more than 35% from $522-$705 a year.
Electronic Conveniences- the development of an alternating electrical current made it possible to distribute electrical power over longer distances. Now it could be spread to the suburbs.
-By the end of the 1920s, well-to-do families used refrigerators, cooking ranges, and toasters.
-Advertising increased.
A Superficial Prosperity
Producing Great Quantities of Goods
-During the 1920s, most Americans believed prosperity would go on forever.
-As businesses increased, so did the income gap between workers and managers.
-Producing more food than what was needed because of new machinery drove food prices down.
Buying Goods on Credit (Coolidge era)
*Installment Plan- an arrangement in which a purchaser pays over an extended time, without having to put down much money at the time of the purchase.
-Banks provided money at low interest rates.
These would play a key role in the Great Depression.
Source : https://sebestyenhistory.wikispaces.com/file/view/The+Twenties+Summary+Part+1.doc
Web site link to visit: https://sebestyenhistory.wikispaces.com
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