The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India study guide

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The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India study guide

The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India:

Babar, founder of the Indian Mughal dynasty, showed the same leadership ability and cultivation of the arts as Shah Abbas I and sultan Mehmed II. His main goal of reclaiming his kingdom in central Asia was never achieved, but he managed to win much of northern India. His son Humayan was an able successor. However, the dynasty reached its high point under Humayan’s son Akbar.
Although a minor at his succession, Akbar was able to hold on to his throne. His ambitious program, aimed at unifying his empire, included social reforms, the creation of a new faith, and erasing divisions between Mughals and Hindus. His proclamation of a new religion in 1582, Din-i-Ilahi was intended to marry Islam and Hiduism. Like the Safavids and Ottomans, Akbar granted lands to his nobles, yet he left many Hindu rulers in place.
Akbar’s social reforms included improving the plight of the urban poor, and changing marriage customs to protect women. He outlawed sati, and tried to ease the seclusion of women.
Akbar’s ambitious plans were only partially successful. Jahangir and Shah Jahan followed him in succession, but did little to build on his achievements. Under the Mughals, India fell behind in the sciences, although exports of the textile industry remained important.
Although Jahangir and Shah Jahan were much more devoted to pleasure than Akbar, their patronage of the arts was substantial. Many of India’s finest monuments date from their reign. Mughal architecture blended Persian and Indian traditions.
Nur Jahan, the wife of Jahangir, took the power her husband neglected. Her influence brought able men to court, and was used to help charities. Mumtaz Mahal, consort of Shah Jahan, had a smaller role, but her tomb the Taj-Mahal is the grandest of India’s monuments. For other Indian women, reforms did little to improve their status.
Aurangzeb, son of Shah Jahan, was an able ruler but devoted his energies to expansion and cleansing Islam of Hindu impurities. He was very successful in the first ambition, but uprisings occurred in the north while he was on campaign in the south. His attack on the position of Hindus was even more disruptive, and overturned Akbar’s attempt to bring peace. Although the Mughal empire was large at his death, it was weakened by rivalries. Marrata risings and the emergence of new sects added to the strain. Attacks on the Sikhs turned the Din-i-Ilahi sect from original goal of blending Hindu and Muslim traditions, to a rigidly Hindu, anti-Muslim religion.

Key Terms:

Ottomans:

Mehmed II:

Janissaries:

Vizier:

Suleymaniye mosque:

Safavid dynasty:

Safi al-Din:

Chaldiran:

Abbas I:

Imams:

Mullahs:

Isfahan:

Mughal dynasty:

Babur:

Humayan:

Akbar:

Din-i-Ilahi:

Sati:

Taj Mahal:

Nur Jahan:

Aurangzeb:

Ottomans:

Red Heads:
Shah:

Padishah:

Nadir Khan Afsher:

Jizya:

Mumtaz Mahal:

Marattas:

Sikhs:

Suleyman the Magnificant:

Hagia Sophia:

Zoroastrians:

Golden Horne:

Shi’a:

Sunni:

Gunpowder Empires

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