US history post-independence and critical period study guide and summary

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US history post-independence and critical period study guide and summary

Post-Independence and Critical Period (1789 - 1800):

Judiciary Act of 1789 – established federal district courts that followed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction; compromise between nationalists and advocates for states’ rights.

Bill of Rights – protected rights of individual from the power of the central government.

Bank of the United States – Hamilton’s plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution.

Report on Public Credit – proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of state debts, set up the first National Bank.

Report on Manufactures (tariffs) – Hamilton praised efficient factories with few managers over many workers, promote emigration, employment opportunities, applications of technology.

Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution – loose interpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the National Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress.

Whiskey Rebellion – Western Pennsylvanian farmers’ violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent.

Citizen Genet – Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine.

Impressment – British Navy would take American sailors and force them to work for Britain.

Jay’s Treaty – provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes.

Nullification – states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

Federalists and Republicans – the two political parties that formed following Washington’s presidency; Federalists for stronger central government, Republicans for stronger state governments.

Washington’s Farewell Address – warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency.

• Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 – response to French attempts

for alliance with US

XYZ Affair – French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribe in order to meet with American peace commission, made Adams unpopular among the people.

Alien and Sedition Acts – meant to keep government unquestioned by critics, particularly of the Federalists.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – argued that states had the right to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congress were constitutional.

12th Amendment – required separate and distinct ballots forpresidential and vice presidential candidates Citizen Genet – Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine.

Second Great Awakening – emphasis on personal salvation, emotional response, and individual faith; women and blacks; nationalism (Manifest Destiny).

D. Jefferson’s Administration and Growth of Nationalism (1800-1820):

Election of 1800 – Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost, Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to vote for Jefferson to break the tie.

Barbary Pirates – North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtained fees from most European powers.

Midnight judges – judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams in the last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson, Marshall among those appointed.

Marbury v. Madison – John Marshall declared that the SupremeCourt could declare federal laws unconstitutional.

Lewis and Clark expedition – Meriwether Lewis and WilliamClark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on “Voyage of Discovery”.

Non-Intercourse Act – sought to encourage domestic American manufacturing.

Macon’s Bill No. 2 – president has power to cease trade with any foreign country that violated American neutrality.

Embargo Act (1807) – prohibited exports (and imports) based in American ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation.

War hawks – Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain (War of 1812).

Henry Clay and the American System – Henry Clay aimed to make the US economically independent from Europe (e.g., support internal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank).

John C. Calhoun – opposed Polk’s high-handedness, avid Southern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property).

William Henry Harrison – military hero from War of 1812; elected president 1840, died of pneumonia a month later, gave presidency to Tyler.

Battle of Tippecanoe – decisive victory in the War of 1812 byHarrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison’s campaign for presidency.

Hartford Convention – December 1814, opposed War of 1812, called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secede if their views were left unconsidered next to those of southern and western states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party.

• Essex case – Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention

Era of Good Feelings – Monroe presidency, national unity behind Monroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap British imports, tightened credit, affected West the most).

James Monroe – provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine.

Missouri Compromise (1820) – Maine as free state, Missouri as slave state, slavery prohibited north of 36°30’.

Tallmadge Amendment – no further introduction of slaves into Missouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25.

108. Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) – agreement between US and Britain to

remove armed fleets from the Great Lakes.

Adams-Onis Treaty – remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined.

Monroe Doctrine – Europeans should not interfere with affairs in Western Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs; supported Washington’s goal for US neutrality in Americas.

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