American leads the second Industrial Revolution

 


 

American leads the second Industrial Revolution

 

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American leads the second Industrial Revolution

 

The Second Industrial Revolution

 

Life in the West

    when the US added lands from Mexico it also added Mexican residents to the US

    after annexation many more Mexicans moved across the border (which was unregulated until WWI)

    many Mexicans lost their land some due to fraud and coercion

    Chinese immigrated in large numbers to the US many as "coolies" (indentured servants/ slaves)

    Many Americans began to resent the Chinese - anti-Chinese agitation and violence spread combining economic and racist resentments

    Chinese workers formed 90% of the labor force for construction of the Central Pacific

    The scale of westward migration after the civil war dwarfed everything that preceded it

    Completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 encouraged settlement

    Homestead Act of 1862 also encouraged settlement - settlers could buy plots of 160 acres for a small fee if they occupied the land for 5 years and improved it

    Followed by the Timber Cultural Act (1873) and Desert Land Act (1877) - fraud ran rampant in the administration of these acts

    Labor shortages in the West led to higher wages (mostly in temporary ventures) which was a "pull factor" for migration. Working conditions and job security were poor.

    The Western Economy

    Three major industries of the west: mining, ranching, and commercial farming

    Life span of the mining boom was relatively brief (1860-1890)

    While gold and silver got lots of attention it was the less glamorous natural resources that proved more important to the development of the West (cooper, lead, tin, quartz, and zinc)

    Men greatly outnumbered women in mining towns

    Railroads gave birth to the range cattle-industry and also led to its downfall

    Mexican ranchers had developed the techniques and equipment that the cattlemen and cowboys of the Great Plains later employed

    Frenzied and speculative expansion of cattle ranching combined with shrinking ranges meant there wasn't enough grass to support the herds

    The long drives disappeared but cattle ranches remained

    Rise of farming on the Plains due to railroads and climate

    Subsidiary lines to the transcontinental railroad made transportation easier

    Many railroads encouraged settlement (to provide themselves with customers and increase the value of their land holdings)

    1870s saw above average rainfall which made farming easier on the Plains

    two problems faced by plains farmers : water (even w/ above average rain) and fencing

    barbed wire fence developed to solve the fencing problem and created a revolution in fencing practices

    arid years of 1880s + farmer debt led to reverse migration

    commercial farmers were not self-sufficient but grew specialized crops that they sold to national or international markets

    C. farmers were dependent on bankers, interest rates, railroads and freight rates, national and European markets

    1880s worldwide overproduction led to a drop in prices for most agricultural goods

The East

    Movement to the Cities

    Availability of jobs

    Opportunity for successful business opportunities

    Fleeing bad situations

    Social Class In the Cities

    The Poor

    new immigrants were coming to US to escape poverty and oppression at home and/or by expectations of new opportunities

    housing shortages

    substandard/tenement apartments

    overcrowded

    no electricity

    many cases poor plumbing

    poor ventilation

    Children working and not going to school ( more about child labor, later)

    The Result of extreme poverty

    Breeding grounds for disaster

    Diseases

    Fires

    Crime

    Middle Class

    Doctors

    Small business

    Factory workers

    Office personnel

    They were not wealthy, but for the most part comfortable

    The Wealthy

    Had successful businesses

    Expanded existing successful businesses

    Made profits from investments

    Some amasses vast fortunes and lived extravagant life styles

Industry in the Late 1800

      Factors which attributed to the United States becoming an Industrial Giant

      abundant raw materials

      gold

      silver

      coal

      a large and growing labor supply

      a surge in technological innovation

      entrepreneurs

      federal government eager to assist growth of business

      great and expanding domestic market

      Railroads

      May have been one of the most significant elements in the development of the US economy

      Were an industry in themselves

      Railroad Barons

      Some of the wealthiest people in the United States

      Had enormous mansions

      Entertained on a grand scale

      In some cases were more powerful than the government

      Trunk line:                     

      Feeder lines to draw business into their main lines

      Like a tree draws water into it’s trunk

      Land Grant Lines

      Land Grants Congressional grants allowed them parcels of land which they could sell immediately upon completion of their lines

      Encourages immigration by offering reduced rates to people buying RR land

      Occasionally got whole colonies to immigrated to the US

      Mennonites

      From Russia Went to Kansas Settled on land from the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad

      Important Because They brought with them a more resistant line of wheat:  The Result:  We became the breadbasket of the world

      Oklahoma Sooners

              March 1889

              President Harrison

              Proclamation for Free Homesteads in the West

              Available at and after 12:00 noon on April 22,1889

              thousands line up on the Oklahoma boarder

              Gun shot and they rushed across the border to stake their claims

              Some had snuck across the border before time

              Oklahoma Sooners

        Railroads and the economy

        Added employment

        Building railroad cars and lines created job encourages technological advances

        Air Brake

        Invented by George Westinghouse  1872

        Now all the railroad cars could stop at the same time

        Granville Woods  invented improvements to electric railways and patented air brakes patented air brakes System.

         the railroad telegraph, a device that transmitted messages between moving trains

        Device for letting engineer of a train know how close they were, which cut down on accidents. improvements to electric railways with a device which allowed engineers to communicate with each other so they would know how close they were to each other to reduce accident

        He invented a chicken egg incubator.

        Apparatus for an amusement park ride. 

        The Railroad sleeping Car

        George Pullman

        Abraham Lincoln

         Body taken back to Springfield IL

        Women inventors

         In 1870, Eliza Murfey patented 16 devices for improving the packing of journals and bearings for railroad-car axles.

        These packing were used to lubricate the axles with oil which reduced derailments caused by seized axles and bearings.

         In 1879, Mary Walton developed a method of deflecting smoke stack emissions through water tanks and later adapted the system for use on locomotives. (In the 1880s, many cities developed a mass transit system using noisy elevated trains.)To reduce the noise, Walton invented a sound-dampening system that cradled the track in a wooden box lined with cotton and then filled with sand. She received a patent for the system on February 8, 1881, and later sold the rights to the Metropolitan Railroad of New York City.

        Mary I. Riggin

         railway crossing gate

        In addition, several patents for the construction of railway track by Catherine L. Gibbon.

Iron Oil and Electricity

    Steel

     is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon

          The Beemer Process

          Sir Henry Bessemer  (January 19, 1813 – March 15, 1898

              The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation through air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten

              The Result

              Increased production in the amount of steel

              Railroads

              Sky scrapers

          Andrew Carnegie - (November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919)

              founder of the Carnegie Steel Company

              Later became U.S. Steel.

              He is known for having built one of the most powerful and influential corporations in United States history

              The first Billion dollar corporation

              Sold the company to J.P Morgan\

              1901

              $400-500 million dollars

              later in his life, giving away most of his riches to fund the establishment of many libraries, schools, and universities in Scotland, America and worldwide  

    Petroleum –

    Gasoline, also called petrol, is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons and enhanced with benzenes to increase octane ratings, used as fuel in internal combustion engines.

     The early development of petroleum industry can be divided into two time period

    The First

    The first oil venture was Seneca Oil

    Samuel Kier

    Learned about medical benefits from the 1850s Native American

    Kier found petroleum on his property

                then called rock oil

                 He marketed it, with little success as Seneca Oil: “The Natural Remedy”

    Kerosene 

    Alternative created because of high whale and vegetable oil prices

    Canadian Abraham Gesne

    Developed process to make lamp oil, “kerosene from coal.

    Along with kerosene, other petroleum products came to the market.

    petroleum jelly (Vaseline)

    hair grease

     petroleum fuels

    steam ship

    Oil stoves.

    paints

    varnishes

    polishes

    glues

    rubber solvents

    waterproofing material

The Second phase of the oil industry

 When people learned how to drill for crude oil in large quantities, it became a booming industry.

John D. Rockefeller 

Standard Oil Company of Ohio

Today it is BP

British petroleum

Rockefeller dominated the industry in the second period

Trust

Separate businesses under the control of one board of Trustees 

Is a synonym for monopoly

The Sherman Anti Trust Act 1890

Outlawed Trust

Vertical Integration

Ownership of businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process.

 Vertical monopoly

Horizontal integration

 Ownership of several companies that make the same product.

Horizontal monopoly 

The Telephone Industry

    Alexander Graham Bell   (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922

    Telephone 1876

    Looking for a way to improve speech for the deaf

    Father taught speech to the deaf

    Key developments in telephone history

    1903 Telephone booth

    1927 Transatlantic calls between England and the US

    1949 Telephone answering machine ( wither more than 300 lbs  (Switzerland)

    1951 Direct dial

    1963 push button system

    1964 Fax machine

    1968 911

    1970 International direct dial

    1973 first wireless phone

    1977  area code

    Thomas Edison  (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931)

        Laboratory in Menlo Park New Jersey

         Edison did not invent the first electric light bulb, but instead invented the first commercially practical incandescent light.

        Improved the telephone in 1877 and 1878

         Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s.

        Edison received a patent for a two-way telegraph.

        In April 1896, motion pictures (Thomas Armat's Vita scope) manufactured by the Edison factory and Marketed in Edison's name, were used to project in public screenings in New York City.

         Later he exhibited motion pictures with voice soundtrack on cylinder recordings, mechanically synchronized with the film.

        In 1908, Edison started the Motion Picture Patents Company, which was a conglomerate of nine major film studios (commonly known as the Edison Trust). 

        Edison is given credit for inventions developed by his staff

        Granville T. Woods took Edison to court about his invention of the  railroad telegraph

        After  Woods beat Edison Twice: Edison decided to work with Woods

 

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American leads the second Industrial Revolution