Industrialization and western global hegemony outline summary study guide

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Industrialization and western global hegemony outline summary study guide

PART 5: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND

WESTERN GLOBAL HEGEMONY,

1750 – 1914

SUMMARY

Introduction

Between 1750 and 1914, world history was dominated by European imperialism. These were the decades in which Western civilization experienced the Industrial Revolution, which transformed the bases of production through new technology and new sources of power. European dominance in the world economy became overwhelming. In contrast to the Early Modern Period, when Western power on land was limited, no area could escape the possibility of extensive European or United States penetration. International commercial contacts increased steadily; they were enhanced by major technological innovations. By the 1850s, the leading issues began to revolve around either resistance or imitation to western influences.

From Industrial Revolution to the Beginnings of a Western Breakdown

The beginning of this period focuses on no particular event. More important is the fact that during the 1750s, the forces that produced Europe’s Industrial Revolution began to take shape: rapid population growth, expansion of manufacturing, and a surge of new inventions. Signs of the impact of western industrialization on the wider world followed quickly. European powers, the United States, and later, Japan opened markets, economically penetrated countries, fought wars, and seized colonies. This period drew to a close with the outbreak of World War I in 1914.

Population Movements

Western industrialization and imperialism led to huge shifts in the population structures of various parts of the world. Both basic dynamics and migration patterns were involved. In the West, birthrates began to decline, but high birthrates continued elsewhere in the world. Industrialization drew workers to the factories, while Europeans in nations slow to industrialize and Asians from India and China immigrated in the millions to the Americas and places offering employment.

Diversity in the Age of Western Dominance

The principal complexity in describing the period lies in detailing the diverse reactions to the growth of Western military and industrial might. One change was the incorporation of the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand into an expanded Western civilization. Russia and Japan underwent dramatic internal changes. China and the Ottoman Empire, along with the Americas, retained their independence but were increasingly subject to Western influences. Most of the world experienced outright colonization as great inequalities in world politics, economics, and exchanges spread.

UNIT OVERVIEW

What themes dominated this period of history?

What influences did Western civilization have on non-European areas?

How did non-Western civilizations respond to Western contacts and influences?

What was the connection between industrialization and Western imperialism?

What demographic transitions and population movements occurred?

How did industrialization and population changes affect the environment?

How did industrialization lead to greater social and economic inequality?

What scientific, intellectual, and artistic movements influenced this period?

VOCABULARY

Imperialism

Hegemony

Industrialization

Demographic Transition

TIMELINE CHRONOLOGY: BETWEEN 1700 – 1900

Using the timeline, identify these major events.

Major inventions and technologies

Major wars

Major rebellions and revolutions

Major independence movements

Colonial annexations

Which countries tend to dominate this period?

GEOGRAPHY

Industrial Development in Key Regional Centers, c. 1900 (Page 531)

Identify

Centers of industrialization worldwide.

The most-industrialized continents.

Foreign Investment

What nation is the world’s largest investor abroad?

Which nation is the largest investor in:

North America?

South America?

Africa?

Asia?

Who is the second largest investor in the world?

Main Colonial Holdings, c. 1914

What was the world’s largest empire? Second largest?

Which continents are:

Largely European-dominated?

Freest from European control?

Comparison of Maps

Even if Great Britain did not “own” Argentina, Brazil, and Russia, for example, if the British invest money and own capital in these nations, how independent is the country in question?

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

The period 1750 – 1914 is characterized by the

rise of civilizations.

rise of classical religions.

rise of transregional civilizations.

first global connections.

predominance of European imperialism.

European and many North American areas were transformed during the period 1750 – 1914 by

colonialism.

the Industrial Revolution and technology.

world war.

global trade.

the great religions.

During this period, the region, which had resisted European penetration from 1450 – 1750, that was mostly carved up into colonies was

Africa.

South America.

North America.

East Asia.

Southwest Asia.

International commercial connections between 1750 and 1914 were enhanced by

the rise of the first global trade network.

the first mass immigration between continents.

the invention of the telephone and television.

major technological innovations.

the spread of a common system of international diplomatic laws.

The period 1750 – 1914 began with

the outbreak of World War I, the first global war.

the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

the American Revolution.

a Demographic shift.

no particular event.

The period 1750 – 1914 ended when

the European colonial empires collapsed.

the Panama Canal opened.

World War I broke out.

the Industrial Revolution moved from Europe and North America to Africa, Latin America, and Asia.

the Russian Revolution.

The demographic transition from 1750 – 1914 was due to all of these causes EXCEPT:

declining birthrates in industrial nations.

the spread of new food plants around the world.

decreased death rates due to public health measures.

Europe’s percentage of the total world population declined.

high birthrates in Africa, Latin America, and Asia.

During the 19th century, mass immigration was generally

from less developed countries to industrialized nations.

surpassed by numbers from the slave trade.

from Mexico and Central America to the United States.

from China and India to coastal areas.

religious in nature.

One new development during the period 1750 – 1914 was the

first mass migrations between continents.

first global trading network.

rise of diplomatic relationships.

decrease of economic inequalities between regions.

rise of international non-governmental agencies such as postal exchanges, the Red Cross, and the Olympics.

For most non-European nations during the period 1750 – 1914, the major influence on their development was

mass population shifts.

industrialization.

the relationship to the West and its political, economic, and social values.

the continuing degradation of the environment.

the expansion of the slave trade to include non-Africans.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

Compare and contrast the responses to westernization in any two: Russia, the Ottoman Empire, China, Japan, or Iran.

Compare and contrast the political, economic, and social changes in Russia around 1905 with Japan in the late 19th century.

Compare and contrast the first Industrial Revolution in Western Europe with the second Industrial Revolution (which spread to Russia, Japan, the United States, etc.).

Compare and contrast any two types of labor systems common in the period: serfdom, slavery, caste system, or paid workers.

Compare and contrast the European 19th century world system with the Muslim civilization of the 11th century CE.

UNIT V GEOGRAPHY: THE MAP OF THE FIRST GLOBAL CIVILIZATION

Between 1750 and 1914, the world’s geography was defined by technology and colonialism. Technologies of transportation and communication, trade, venture capital, and migration created the world’s first global civilization and fueled the competition for and acquisition of empires. Centers of industry such as the vast Canadian-American complex around the Great Lakes and the Ruhr of Germany became critical. To facilitate trade and military power, canals were dug between seas and oceans.

LOCATE

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Panama Canal

Suez Canal

Saint Lawrence Seaway

Great Lakes

Lake Victoria

Nile River

Niger River

Congo River

Korean Peninsula

REGIONS

The Ruhr

The Balkans

Indonesia

The Sudan

Central Asia

Siberia

IDENITFY AND LOCATE

HISTORIC STATES

United States

Japan

Germany

Canada

Brazil

Mexico

Haiti

Argentina

Ottoman Empire

Egypt

South Africa

China

India

CITIES

Hong Kong

Shanghai

New York City

Chicago

Berlin

London

Paris

Manchester

Birmingham

Tokyo

Bombay

COLONIAL EMPIRES

British

French

German

Italian

Portuguese

Dutch

Japanese

American

Russian

Belgian

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