the second war for independence and the upsurge of nationalism notes and summary

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the second war for independence and the upsurge of nationalism notes and summary

Ch. 12 The Second War For Independence And The Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824
War of 1812 (1812-1814):
The War of 1812 was one of the worst-fought wars in United States history because – of widespread disunity
When the United States entered the War of 1812, it was – militarily unprepared
The War of 1812 was one of the worst-fought wars in American history for all of the following reasons
disunity was widespread
only a zealous minority supported the war
the army was scandalously inadequate
the militia was poorly trained
Canada became an important battleground in the War of 1812 because – British forces were weakest there
The performance of the United States’ Navy in the War of 1812 could be best described as
– much better than that of the army
America’s campaign against Canada in the War of 1812 was – poorly conceived because it split-up the military
Perhaps the key battle of the War of 1812, because it protected the United States from full-scale invasion and
possible dissolution, was the Battle of – Plattsburgh
British plans for their 1814 campaign did not include action in – Florida
The British attack on Fort McHenry (Baltimore, MD) – inspired the writing of “The Star-Spangled Banner”
The most devastating defeat suffered by the British during the War of 1812 took place at the Battle of
– New Orleans (after the war was over)
The Battle of New Orleans – saw British troops defeated by Andrew Jackson’s soldiers
One result of the American naval victories during the War of 1812 was
– a British naval blockade of the American coast
At the peace conference at Ghent, the British began to withdraw many of its earlier demands for all of the
following reasons
reverses in upper New York – a loss at Baltimore
increasing war weariness in Britain – concern about the still dangerous France
But not because of the American victory at New Orleans
The delegates of the Hartford Convention adopted resolutions that included a call for
– a Constitutional amendment requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before war was declared
The resolutions from the Hartford Convention – helped to cause the death of the Federalist party
War of 1812 Facts:
Washington DC was invaded and burned. Dolly Madison saved a portrait of George Washington and other things from the Executive Mansion (it was not the “White House” yet) before the British over-ran the capitol
Factoid:
One of the nationally recognized American authors in the 1820s was – Washington Irving (Columbus round earth myth)
Results of the War of 1812:
From a global perspective, the War of 1812 was – of little importance
In diplomatic and economic terms, the War of 1812 – bred greater American independence (particularly economically)
The outcome of the War of 1812 was – a stimulus to patriotic nationalism (for many) in the United States
The Rush-Bagnot agreement – limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes
After the War of 1812, Europe – returned to conservativism, illiberalism, and reaction
One of the most important by-products of the War of 1812 was – a heightened spirit of nationalism (for many but not all)
Post-War of 1812 nationalism could be seen in all of the following
the way in which American painters depicted the beauty of American landscapes
the building of a more handsome national capital
an expanded army and navy
development of a national literature
But not in a revival of American religion
At the end of the War of 1812, British manufacturers
– began dumping their goods in America at extremely low prices
Tariffs:
The Tariff of 1816 was the first in American history – that aimed to protect American industry
Henry Clay & His American System:
Henry Clay’s call for federally funded roads and canals received whole-hearted endorsement from – the West
New England opposed the (Clay’s) American System’s federally constructed roads because
– they would drain away needed population to the West
Democratic-Republicans opposed Henry Clay’s American System because
– they believed that it was unconstitutional (to tax citizens to pay for federal construction)
Good Vibrations Early 19th Century Style:
The Era of Good Feelings – was a misnomer, because the period was a troubled one
With the demise of the Federalist party – the Democratic-Republicans established one-party rule
Panic! (Depression!) [Take Zoloft!]:
The panic of 1819 brought with it all of the following
unemployment – bank failures – debtor’s prisons – bankruptcies
But not inflation
One of the major causes of the panic of 1819 was – overspeculation in frontier lands

The western land boom resulted from all of the following
it was a continuation of the old westward movement
land exhaustion in older tobacco states
speculators accepted small down payments
the frontier was pacified with the defeat of the Indians
But not the construction of railroad lines west of the Mississippi River
One of the demands made by the West to help it grow was – cheap money
Balance between slave and free states must be maintained in Congress:
When the House of Representatives passed the Tallmadge Amendment in response to Missouri’s request for
admission to the Union, the South thought that the amendment – would threaten the sectional balance
The first state entirely west of the Mississippi River to be carved out of the Louisiana Territory was – Missouri
As a result of the Missouri Compromise
– slavery was banned north of the 36º30' in the Louisiana Purchase territory
All of the following were results of the Missouri compromise
extremists in both the North and South were not satisfied
Missouri entered the Union as a slave state
Maine entered the Union as a free state
the balance between the North and South was kept even
But sectionalism was not reduced
Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall:
In interpreting the constitution, John Marshall – favored “loose construction”
John Marshall uttered his famous legal dictum that “the power to tax involved the power to destroy” in
– McCulloch v. Maryland
In McCulloch v. Maryland, Cohens v. Virginia, and Gibbons v. Ogden, Chief Justice Marshall’s rulings limited
the extent of – states’ rights
John Marshall’s rulings upheld a defense of property rights against public pressure in – Fletcher v. Peck
Old Northwest Territory:
People moved into the Old Northwest for all of the following reasons
better transportation – the Indian threat was gone [why?]
to achieve better social position – to get their own democratic community
But not as a haven for runaway slaves
Settlers from the South who moved into the Old Northwest territory were known as – Butternuts
When moving to the Old Northwest, settlers from the North wanted to do all of the following
tame the land – tame the people – build canals – build roads [Clay’s American System]
The United States’ most successful diplomat in the Era of Good Feelings was – John Quincy Adams
The Treaty of 1818 with England – called for a ten-year joint occupation of the Oregon country by both
American citizens and British subjects
Andrew Jackson, that dude on the $20:
Jackson in Florida vs. Seminoles & Maroons (runaway slaves living w/Seminoles – a mixed society
- b/c Spain had to fight in South America (independence movements)
Argentina 1816, Venezuela 1817, Chile 1818
- John Quincy Adams defended him (later they run for president against each other & the mud is slung big-time)
against those who wanted his (metaphoric) head for his actions in Florida
– cruel warfare against Spanish & Indians (and his own men in some cases for harsh discipline)
- Florida Purchase 1819 from Spain (Florida Cession)
- plus claims on Oregon too in exchange for any US claims to Texas
- plus USA has the newly purchased LA territory
Perceived threats to the USA:
US felt threatened by the powerful monarchies w/claims in North America
- Much of Latin America was in revolution against Spain & Russia was in North America too
- British trading in Latin America now too – all were threats to the new USA

Monroe Doctrine:
Monroe Doctrine – John Quincy Adams – Sec of State for President Monroe – Monroe read a speech to Congress in 1823, and part of it was later labeled the Monroe Doctrine – no more colonization in the Americas (Western Hemisphere) – no European intervention – it was aimed at Russia & Europe – British wanted a joint declartation to this effect w/the USA, but the USA, knowing the British would enforce it, decided to announce it themselves – therefore, Latin America was somewhat protected from Europe (by the British – and Latin America knew it too) – thus, the USA sounded tough while the British had the muscle to back it up.

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