Principles of Management

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Principles of Management

Principles of Management
2 Mark Questions

1. Definition 0f management?
Management is the art and science of getting work done through people. It is the process of giving direction and controlling of various activities of people to achieve the objectives of organization.
KOONTZ & WEIHRICH
“Management is the process of designing and maintaining of an environment in which individuals working together in groups effectively accomplish selected aims”.
F.W.TAYLOR
“Management is the art of knowing what do you want to do and then seeing that is done in the best cheapest way”.

2. Skills needed for managers:
Technical skill

It refers to the ability to the tools, equipment procedure and techniques.
Effective supervision and co-ordination of the work a group members or subordinates.

Human skill

It refers to the ability of the manager to work effectively as a group members and to build co-operative effort in team leaders.
Needed to understand people.

Conceptual skill

It is also called as design and problem
To see the organization and the various component of it as whole
To understand how its various parts and functions mesh together

3. Different approaches of management

System approach
Contingency approach

System approach
Introduction
Like a human organism an organization in a system. In an organization also people task and management are independent.

System concepts
System theory was first applied in field of science and engineering.
Contingency approach
The Contingency approach is called as situational approach. It is developed by managers, consultant and researchers who tried to apply for real life situation. Some management concepts are different and are very effectively in one situation. The same concept is failed in another situation. Results or solutions differ because situations differ.

In this approach the managers identify which is suitable technique for a particular solution. Particular environment of the organization at a specific time.

4. Comparison between art and science.
Science:
It is a systematic body of knowledge with array of principles.
Art:

It is the application of skill in finding desired results.
Management is both science and art:
It contains general principle
It also an art because it require certain personal skills to achieve desired result.

5. Functions of management

Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Co – ordinating
Controlling

6. Management level and functions.

Top-level management
Middle level management
Lower level management

Top level management functions

To formulate goals and policies
To formulate budgets
To appoint top executives

Middle level management functions.

To train motives &develop supervisory level
To monitor and control the operations performance

Low level management

To train &develop workers
To assign job
To give orders and instructions
To report the information about the workers

7. What to you mean by social responsibility& social responsiveness.
Corporate social responsibility is seriously considering the impact of the company’s action on society.
Social responsiveness means “the ability of a corporation to relate its operations & policies to the social environment in ways that are mutually beneficial to the company and to society.

8. What is institutionalizing ethics& how it can be accomplished?
Institutionalizing ethics means applying & integrating ethical concepts in to daily actions. This can be accomplished in three ways.

By establishing appropriate company policy or a code of ethics
By using a formally appointed ethics committee
By teaching ethics in management development programs

9. What is ethics? What are the types of ethics explain?
Ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with what is good & bad and with moral duty & obligation.
The three types of ethics are.
Personal ethics:
The rules by which an individual lives his or her personal life.
Accounting ethics:
The code that guides the professional conduct of accountants.
Business ethics:
Concerned with truth& justice & has a variety of aspects such as expectations of society. Fair competition, advertising, public relations, social responsibility, consumer autonomy & co-operate behavior.

10. What are the arguments against the social involvement of business?

Social involvement may reduce economic efficiency.
Social involvement would create excessive costs for business, which cannot commit its resources for social action.
Social involvement can weaken the international balance of payment.
it may leads to the hike in prices of the commodities
Incomplete support for involvement in social action &&disagreement among groups will cause friction.
There is a link of accountability of business to society.

11. What is tows metrics?
The tows metrics is a conceptual frame work for a systematic analysis, which facilitates matching the external threats and opportunities with the internal weakness & strength of the organization. In the tows metrics ‘T’ stands for threat’s’ stands for opportunities ‘W’ for weakness and ‘S’ for strength.

12. Defining planning premises?
Planning premises are defined as the anticipated environment in which plans are expected to operate. They include assumptions or forecasts of the future & known conditions that will effects the operation of plans.

13. List out the social responsibilities of managers?

Responsibilities towards share holders.
Responsibilities towards employees
“ “ creditors
“ “ government
“ “ suppliers.
“ “ competitors
“ “ general public

14. What is social audit?
Social audit involves a commitment to systematic assessment of the company’s main activities that have a social impact reporting to the society on relevant issues. Every voluntary social program ends with a social audit social encompasses every possible area, such as pollution control, training & development promotion of minorities & so on.

15. Define code of ethics?
A code is a statement of policies, principles or rules that guide behaviors codes of ethics should guide the behavior of persons in all organizations & in every day of life.

16. List out the functions of ethics committee

Holding regular meeting to discuss ethical issues.
Dealing with ‘gray areas’
Communicating the code to all members of organization.
Checking for possible violations of the code
Enforcing the code.

17 what is planning?
Planning is a process of selecting the objectives & determining the course of action required to achieve these objectives.

18. Important observations subjected about planning?

Planning is obtaining a future course of action in order to achieve an objective.
Planning is looking ahead.
Planning is getting ready to do something tomorrow.
Plan is a trap laid down to capture the future.

19. Define mission?
Mission may be defines as a statement which defines the role that an organization plays in the society.

20. Define policies?
Policies are general statement or understanding which provides guidance in decisions making to various managers.

21. Explain in brief about the two approaches in which the hierarchy of objectives can be explained?
There are two approaches in which the hierarchy can be explained.
1. top-down approach
2. bottom-up approach
in the top-down approach, the total organization is directed through corporate objective provided by the top-level management. In the bottom up approach, the top level management needs to have information from lower level in the form of objectives.

22. Advantages of objectives:

Unified planning
Defining an organization
Direction
Individual motivation
Basis for decentralization
Basis for control
Co-ordination

23. Steps involved in MBO process:

setting preliminary objectives
fixing key result areas
setting subordinates objectives
matching resources with objectives
recycling objectives
Periodic resources with objectives.
Appraisal

24. features of MBO:

MBO tries to combine the long range goals of organization with short range of organization.
MBO involves participation of subordinate managers in the goal setting process.
MBO increase the organization capability of achieving goals.
MBO’S emphasis is not only on goals but also on effective performance.

25. Definitions of MBO:
According to GEORGE ODIORNE,”MBO is a process where by the superior and the subordinates managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individuals major areas of responsibility in terms of results expected of him, and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members”.
KOONTZ &WEIHRICH have defines MBO as follows:
“MBO is comprehensive managerial system that integrates many key managerial activities in a systematic manner & that is consciously directed towards the effective and efficient achievement of organizational and individual objectives.
26. Define strategy?
A strategy may be defined as special type of plan prepared for meeting the challenges posted by the activities o competitors and other environment forces.

27. Steps involved in strategic planning:

Mission and objectives.
Environmental analysis
Corporate analysis
Identification of alternatives.
Strategic decision making
Implementations review & control.

28. State the characteristic of a sound policy?

Relationship to organizational objectives.
Clarity of policy
A policy is a guide to thinking in decision making
Policies should be written
Communication of policies
Balance of policies.
Planned formulation.

29. List out the steps involved in formulation of policies:

Defining the policy area
Defining of policy alternatives.
Evaluation of policy alternatives.
Choice of policy
Communication of policy
Implementation of policy
Review of policy

30. Name the classification of planning premises?

Internal and external
Tangible and intangible premises.
Controllable and uncontrollable premises

31. State the importance of HRM?

To achieve competitive advantage over other organisation.
To improve the efficiency of the organisation.
For the fuller utilization of available resources.
Cost effective administration.

32. State the importance of staffing:-

It helps to make use of the Organisational resources.
It provides effective and efficient personals to the organisation.
Helps to discover talented and competent persons.
Helps to ensure uninterrupted flow of business.

33. Advantages of Organisational Chart:-

It shows the overview of staffing in organisation.
The manager ready for promotion can be identified.
Helps to predict future internal supply of managers.
Helps in transfer of manager internally to strengthen weak areas.

34. List some factors affecting span of control

Subordinates training requirement.
Clarity of delegation of authority.
Clarity of plans.
Use of objectives and standards.

35. Cross Relationship
It arises because of mutual interaction of subordinates working under common superior normally they are assuming this to be 6.

36. Classification of power

The legitimate power
Expert power
Reference power
Reward power

37. Define Decision Making
Decision Making is defined as selection of a course of action from among alternatives. It is a core of planning. A plan cannot be said to exist unless a decision – a commitment of resources, direction or reputation has been made. Until that point, there is only planning studies and analysis.

38. What are the three approaches in selecting an alternative?

Experience
Experimentation
Research and Analysis

39. Define Decision trees?
The best way to analyze a decision is by means of decision trees. In a decision tree, the various chance events, decision points and probabilities involved in various courses that might be undertaken are represented in the form of a ‘tree’. The decision tree approach makes it possible to see the major alternatives and facts that subsequent decision may depend upon.

40. Need of Departmentisation:-
Specialisation of works and the limitation of number of subordinates that can be directly controlled by superior. If there is no departmentisation there is a serious limitation of size of the organisation.

41. What is Departmentisation?
Departmentisation is a process of grouping the activity based on its similarities.

42. What are the types of Departmentisation

By simple numbers.
Departmentisation by time.
Departmentisation based on enterprise.
Classification based on territory or geographical area.
Departmentisation by products.
Customer Departmentisation.
Market oriented Departmentisation.
Process or Equipment.

43. What are the three basic approaches to select among alternatives?

Experience
Experimentation
Research and Analysis

Experience:
Relying on post experience, the choice among alternatives is selected to avoid mistakes.
Experimentation:
A firm may test a new product in a certain market before expanding its sale nationwide.
Research and Analysis:
The trend in research and analysis is simulation i.e. to develop mathematical tools.

44. What is cost Effectiveness Analysis?
Cost effectiveness Analysis is a technique for choosing the best plan when the objectives are less specific than sales costs or profits. It means finding the least costly way of reaching an objective or getting the greatest value for giving experiences. It is also called as Cost Benefit Analysis.

45. What is the principle of limiting factor?
Principle of limiting factor is given as “By recognizing and overcoming those factors that stand critically in the way of a goal, the best alternative course of action can be selected”.

46. Define Organising?
Organising is an activity involves in analyzing the nature of job to be performed grouping them, dividing into departments, divisions selections and that can be assigned to various individuals and delicate authority to carry out the task.

47. Define Decentralisation?
The tendency to discuss the decision making in an organisation structure. The fundamental aspect of Decentralisation is delectation of authority.

48. Advantages of Decentralisation?

It is a big relief to top managers.
It encourages the decision making.
It promotes the development of general manager.
Facilitates product diversification.

49. Define Scalar Principle:-
The clear the line of authority from the ultimate management position in an enterprise to every subordinate position the clear will be the responsibility for decision making and the more will be effective will be the organisation communication.

50. Define Policy
Policy of Decentralisation affects all area of management and it can be looked upon an essential element of managerial system. Managers could not use the discursion to handle the ever changing situation they face.

51. What is Organisation Structure?
In organisation structure simply by means the systematic arrangement of people working for the organisation. The organisation is concerned with establishment of positions and relationship between positions. The organisation structure has two dimensions.

Horizontal
Vertical

52. What do you mean by Organisation Culture?
It is the general pattern of behavior norms shared beliefs and values there are unique for organisation. It is fairly stable and does not change fast. It often sets the tone for the company and establishes implied rules for the way people should behave. Organisation culture even influences how individuals behave at work and hence will affect both individual and Organisational performances.

53. Benefits of Decentralization:-

Gives managers more freedom and independence in decision making.
It encourages decision making and assumption of authority and responsibility.
Aids in adoption to fast changing environment.
Promotes development of general managers.
Facilitates product Diversification.
Promotes establishment and use of broad controls which may increase motivation.

54. Uses of Organisation Chart

The organisation chart pinpoints the weakness of an organisation. This will helps to overcome the short coming of organisation.
It tells quickly who is responsible for particular function.
It is useful in showing nature of an organisation and changes if any in the existing staff and new comers.

55. What are the types of Departmentation?

Departmentation by simple numbers.
Departmentation by Time.
Departmentation by Enterprise function.
Departmentation by Territory or Geography.
Customer Departmentation.
Process or Equipment Departmentation.
Departmentation by product.

56. Distinguish between authority and power
Power is the ability of individuals or groups to induce r influence the belifs or actions of other persons or groups.
Authority in organisation is the right in a position to exercise discretion in making decisions and affecting others.

57. What are the different bases of power?

Legitimate Power
Referent Power
Reward Power
Coercive Power

58. Scalar Principle
The clear the line of authority from the ultimate management position in an enterprise to every subordinate position, the clearer will be responsibility for decision making and the more effective will be the organisation communication.

59. Functional Authority
It is the right which is delegated to an individual or a department to control specified processes practices, policies or other matters relating to activities, undertaken by persons in other departments.

60. Limitations of staff:-

Danger of undertaking line authority
Lack of staff responsibility
Thinking in a vacuum
Managerial problems

61. State any two merits of equity theory:

This theory makes managers realize that equity motive tends to be one of the most important motives of the people in the organisation.
Feelings or perceptions in equity are important factor in work setting. Management should take necessary steps to develop the perceptual skill of the people.

62. Mention the various factors involved in using motivational techniques:

Money
Participation
Quality of working life

63. What is job enrichment?
Job enrichment is therefore based on the assumption that in order to motivate personnel, the job itself must provide opportunities for the achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement and growth.

64. What are the limitations of job enrichment?

Job enrichment is based on the assumption that workers want more responsibility. But, in practice, most of the workers may prefer less responsible jobs with good social interaction. Such workers may show feelings of inadequacy and fear of failure to job enrichment.
Some jobs cannot be enriched beyond a certain point.

65. Give the required guidelines to make effective job enrichment.

Use job enrichment selectively after taking into account situational variables such as job characteristics, personal characteristics of employees, Organisational level etc.
Provide a supportive climate for innovation and change.

66. Who is a leader?
Leader is one who makes his subordinates to do willingly what he wants.

67. Define Leadership
Leadership is the process of influencing the behaviour of others towards the accomplishment of goals in a given situation.

68. Mention the importance of Leadership

Motivating Employees
Leader develops team work
Better utilization of manpower
Creating confidence to followers
Directing group activities
Building morale
Maintaining discipline

69. State something about weakness of trait theory

There is no universal list of traits of successful leaders. It is therefore; very difficult to indicate what mix of traits is necessary to make an affective leader. Individuals who never achieve leadership also possess some of the traits as successful leader.
Researchers simply provide the list of qualities. They fail to give the scale to measure the qualities. It is not clear how high a score a person must achieve an a given trait to make it effective.

70. State House’s path – goal approach
Leaders are effective because of the influence on followers motivation, ability to perform and their satisfaction.

71. Name the various leadership styles.

Autocratic or Dictatorial leadership
Participative or Democratic leadership
Laissez – faire or Free – rein leadership

72. What are the advantages of democratic leadership?

The subordinates are motivated by participation in decision – making process. This will also increase job satisfaction
Absence of leader does not affect output
Labour absenteeism and turn – over will be minimum
The quality of decision is improved
The leader multiplies his abilities through the contribution of his followers

73. What is Laissez – faire?
Complete freedom is given to the subordinates so that they plan, motivate, control and otherwise be responsible for their own actions.

74. What is Communication?
Communication is passing of information from one person to another person.

75. Mention the various elements in the process of communication

Sender
Communication Channels
Symbols
Receiver
Noise and feedback in communication

76. List the different types of communication flow

Downward Communication
Upward communication
Horizontal or Lateral Communication

77. Note down the various communication networks

Simple Chain
Wheel
Circular
Free flow
Inverted V

78. Differentiate Single and Multiple channel networks

S. No.	Single Channel Communication	Multiple Channel Communication
1.	The Communication is allowed on only one path is called as line authority. It is simply referred as through proper channel.	The communication is allowed in more than one path.
2.	Communication flow is slow	Communication flow is faster
3.	Easy to maintain orderly in nature	Potential problems may occur
4.	Miscommunication is reduced	Miscommunication in increased

79. Creativity refers to what?
Ability and power to develop new ideas.

80. What are the types of motivation?

Positive Motivation
Negative Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation

81. Define Budgeting control?
A Budgeting control is defined as "a financial or quantitative statement, prepared and approved prior to a defined period of time, of time policy to be pursued during the period for the purpose of attaining a given object.

82. What is meant by Management Audit?
Management Audit is a systematic evaluation of the functioning, performance and effectiveness of management of an organization. It is a thorough-going, critical and constructive review of the quality of management.

83. What is PERT and CPM?
PERT is an event-oriented network because emphasis is given on important stages of completion task rather than the activities required to be performed to reach to a particular event or task. PERT is normally applied to projects of non-repetitive nature.
CPM can be applied in an environment of certainty. It is deterministic. And is suitable for establishing a trade-off for optimum balancing between schedule time and cost of the project.

84. What do you mean by the word Productivity?
Productivity is the ratio of output to some or all there sources used to produce the output.

85. What do you mean by Quality Circle?
Quality Circles consists of a small homogeneous group of people doing similar work, who voluntarily meet together regularly about an hour per week in paid time under the leadership of their own supervisor to identify, analyze and solve a problem.

86. What do you mean by Control?
Control is intended to ensure and make possible performance of planned activities and to achieve the predetermined goals and results.

87) Define Budgetary Control?
According to ICMA, England "Budgetary Control is the establishment of budgets relating to the responsibilities of executives to the requirements of a policy and the continuous comparison of actual with the budget to provide a basis for its revision.

88. List out the various kinds of budget?
1) Functional Budget
2) Master Budget
3) Fixed Budget
4) Flexible Budget
5) Zero-base Budget

89. What do you mean by Master Budget?
A Master Budget is the summary budget incorporating all functional budgets. It is prepared with a view to coordinate the activities of various functional departmental.

90. What do you mean by Zero-base budgeting?
Zero-base budgeting is the latest technique aimed at cost reduction and optimum realization of resources.

91. What is Feed Forward Control?
Feed Forward Control involves evaluation of input and corrective measures before a particular sequence of operation is completed. It is based on timely and accurate information about changes in the environment.

92. What is Concurrent Control?
Concurrent Control is also known as "real-time" or steering" control. It provides for taking corrective actions or making adjustments while the programmes is still in operation and before any major damage occurs.

93. List out the important features of controlling?
a) Function of Management.
b) Continuous function
c) Future -oriented and
d) Action-oriented.

94. What is Flexible Budget?
Flexible Budget is one which is designed to change in accordance with the level of activity actually attained. It is suitable when the estimation of demand is uncertain and the enterprise works under conditions of lack of material and labor power.

95. What are the benefits of control?

Control eliminates actions which deviate or which is not in conformity with the cherished goals of the firm.
It offers enough information for future planning and Organising.

96. List out the characteristics of Control function?
1) Functional Management
2) Continuous function
3) Future-oriented
4) Action-oriented
5) Measuring the performance and
6) Planning the control

97. What if Production?
Production is defined as the step by step conversion of one form of material into another form through manual, mechanical or chemical process to create or enhance the utility of the product to the user.

98. What is production management?
Production management is the process of planning, Organising directing and controlling production activities of an organisation for the actual transformation of elements of input into marketable finished goods services.

98. What are the basic steps involved in the process of controlling?
1 establishment of standards
2 measurement of performance
3 comparing performance with the slandered
4 taking corrective action

99. What are the different technologies based productivity improvement techniques?
a) CAD
b) CAM
c) CIM
d) Robotics
e) Laser technology
f) Energy technology.

100) what is value engineering?
value analysis is also called value engineering is basically a cost reductions technique which is the organisation and systematic study of every element of cost in a part, material or service to make certain fulfills its functions at the lowest cost.

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