Human Body Systems study guide

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Human Body Systems study guide

Chapter 2 Notes

2.1 Human Body Systems

System: 1) made of individual parts that work together
2) connected to one or more systems
3) if a part is missing/damaged = the system won’t work

      ORGAN SYSTEM          circulatory system
                         ↓                                    ↓
ORGANS                             heart
                         ↓                                    ↓
TISSUES                        cardiac tissue
                         ↓                                    ↓
   CELLS                         heart cell

11 Body Systems

Circulatory – transports blood, nutrients, gases
Digestive – takes in, breaks down food – absorbs nutrients – eliminates solid wastes
Respiratory – controls breathing – exchanges gases
Excretory – removes both liquid and gas waste
Immune – defends body against infection
Endocrine- manufactures and releases hormones
Reproductive – producing offspring
Integumentary – skin/hair/nails – provides protective barrier
Skeletal – supports and protects – helps in movement

10. Muscular – move parts of the body
11. Nervous – detects surroundings - respond to stimuli

2.2 Digestive and Excretory Systems

The body requires nutrients from 5 groups:

Carbohydrates	Proteins	Fats
Vitamins	Minerals

There are 4 stages of digestion:

Ingesting

Digesting

Absorbing

Eliminating

Nutrients – substances required for energy, growth, development, repair, and maintenance

Carbohydrates

Quick source of energy
Can be simple or complex
Simple – sugar – glucose – used by mitochondria
Complex – starch – chain of sugars – longer to break down

Proteins

Used to build body parts – muscle, skin, hair, nails

Fats

Used to build cell membranes and are stored for later use
Unsaturated fats – (good) fruit, vegi’s, fish
Saturated fats – (bad) animal fat – ex. Butter

Increases chance of heart disease

Minerals/Vitamins

Needed in small amounts for various functions

Calcium – bones
Vit. D – calcium absorption

Water – necessary for life – used to transport nutrients and wastes

4 Stages of Digestion

Enzyme – protein that speeds up reactions
The digestive system = long tube
Bolus – ball of food

Stage 1 – Ingesting – taking a bite or sip

Stage 2 – Digesting – starts when we chew

Mechanical digestion – grinding with teeth
Chemical digestion – saliva – amylase enzyme breaks down carbohydrates

Stage 3 – Absorption – small intestines take in nutrients

Covered in villi and microvilli to increase surface area
Large intestine – reabsorbs water
Bacteria help in digestion

Stage 4 – Eliminating – wastes are released from body

Solid waste – feces
Liquid waste – urine
Gas waste – carbon dioxide - lungs

Parts of the Digestive System

Mouth - pharynx – epiglottis – esophagus – stomach – small intestine (duodenum) – large intestine – rectum – anus

Peristalsis – musc. contractions - move food through the digestive sys.
Gastric juice – stomach acid, mucus and enzymes
Mucus – protects tissue from digestion
Pepsin – breaks down protein
Chyme – liquid nutrients in the stomach
Sphincter – round muscles control movement of chime
Bile – stored in gall bladder – break down fats

Excretory System

Urinary tract
Parts include: 2 kidneys – ureters – bladder – urethra

Eating Disorders

Obesity – over eating – diabetes
Anorexia nervosa – restricting the intake of food
Bulimia nervosa – getting rid of food before digestion takes place

Textbook Questions P.81 # 1-10, & 13

2.3 The Circulatory System and Respiratory System

The Circulatory System

Heart – left-right are reversed in diagrams (diagram p. 88)

pumps 4L of blood/minute
muscular organ in the C. sys.
4 chambers – top – atria – bottom – ventricles
Atria – collect blood – Ventricles – pump blood

Left Ventricle – pumps blood to the body
Right Ventricle - pumps blood to the lungs

Valves – found between chambers – blood only flows one way
When valves close – we hear the “lub-dub”

Blood carried from heart to your body using:
Blood vessels – arteries/capillaries/veins

Arteries – away from the heart (aorta –arterioles)

Red – oxygenated blood – thick walls due to pressure
Pulmonary artery – only artery to carry deoxygenated blood – to lungs

Veins – to the heart (superior/anterior vena cava – venules)

Blue – deoxygenated blood – thinner and have valves
Pulmonary vein – only vein to carry oxygenated blood - from lungs

Capillaries – one cell thick – mass between veins and arteries

where nutrients/oxygen/glucose are exchanged to
the cells from your blood

Components of Blood

Function of blood : transports oxygen, nutrients, &water to your cells
: carries carbon dioxide &wastes away from your cells

Body contains 5L of blood
55% = plasma – clear, yellowish fluid containing proteins/minrals
45% = red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets

Red blood cells are made in bone marrow, liver, and spleen
Red blood cells contain haemoglobin
White blood cells – fight infection
Platelets – clot blood

The Respiratory System

Breathe in oxygen, breathe out carbon dioxide
Lungs important organs

Order Air Travels to Your Lungs

Nasal Cavity- air is warmed and filtered by tiny hairs, called cilia, and mucus in your nose. The cilia and mucus trap dirt and other particles - back out the nostril or down into the digestive system
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx- (Voice Box.) It contains your vocal cords. Which vibrate when air passes through them creating your voice
Esophagus
Trachea- Made up of C-shaped bands of cartilage that maintains the tubular shape
Bronchi- Air passes through these tubes and goes directly to the lungs
Lungs- Goes to tiny, thin- walled sacs called the alveoli. Where gas exchange takes place

Gas Exchange in the Alveoli

Alveolus surrounded by capillaries
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus, and oxygen diffuses the other way into the capillaries and binds with the red blood cells
The oxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body
This entire process is called gas exchange

Smoking

Many respiratory diseases such as lung cancer and emphysema results from smoking tobacco products
Emphysema causes the alveoli walls to lose their elasticity, making breathing extremely hard as the disease progresses
Often people who have respiratory diseases also have a heart disease.

What is in a cigarette?

Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer; there are over 4000 chemicals in a cigarette.
50 are carcinogenic (Cancer- causing)
Top six most harmful chemicals in a cigarette are nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, and benzene
Smoking also destroys the cilia lining your respiratory

Source : http://fc2.sd23.bc.ca/~jreed/FOV1-00087E5F/FOV1-00087E9C/FOV1-00088008/Chapter%202%20Notes.doc

Web site link to visit: http://fc2.sd23.bc.ca/

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