Human Body Systems study guide
Human Body Systems study guide
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Human Body Systems study guide
Chapter 2 Notes
2.1 Human Body Systems
System: 1) made of individual parts that work together
2) connected to one or more systems
3) if a part is missing/damaged = the system won’t work
ORGAN SYSTEM circulatory system
↓ ↓
ORGANS heart
↓ ↓
TISSUES cardiac tissue
↓ ↓
CELLS heart cell
11 Body Systems
- Circulatory – transports blood, nutrients, gases
- Digestive – takes in, breaks down food – absorbs nutrients – eliminates solid wastes
- Respiratory – controls breathing – exchanges gases
- Excretory – removes both liquid and gas waste
- Immune – defends body against infection
- Endocrine- manufactures and releases hormones
- Reproductive – producing offspring
- Integumentary – skin/hair/nails – provides protective barrier
- Skeletal – supports and protects – helps in movement
10. Muscular – move parts of the body
11. Nervous – detects surroundings - respond to stimuli
2.2 Digestive and Excretory Systems
The body requires nutrients from 5 groups:
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There are 4 stages of digestion:
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Nutrients – substances required for energy, growth, development, repair, and maintenance
Carbohydrates
- Quick source of energy
- Can be simple or complex
- Simple – sugar – glucose – used by mitochondria
- Complex – starch – chain of sugars – longer to break down
Proteins
- Used to build body parts – muscle, skin, hair, nails
Fats
- Used to build cell membranes and are stored for later use
- Unsaturated fats – (good) fruit, vegi’s, fish
- Saturated fats – (bad) animal fat – ex. Butter
- Increases chance of heart disease
Minerals/Vitamins
- Needed in small amounts for various functions
- Calcium – bones
- Vit. D – calcium absorption
Water – necessary for life – used to transport nutrients and wastes
4 Stages of Digestion
- Enzyme – protein that speeds up reactions
- The digestive system = long tube
- Bolus – ball of food
Stage 1 – Ingesting – taking a bite or sip
Stage 2 – Digesting – starts when we chew
- Mechanical digestion – grinding with teeth
- Chemical digestion – saliva – amylase enzyme breaks down carbohydrates
Stage 3 – Absorption – small intestines take in nutrients
- Covered in villi and microvilli to increase surface area
- Large intestine – reabsorbs water
- Bacteria help in digestion
Stage 4 – Eliminating – wastes are released from body
- Solid waste – feces
- Liquid waste – urine
- Gas waste – carbon dioxide - lungs
Parts of the Digestive System
Mouth - pharynx – epiglottis – esophagus – stomach – small intestine (duodenum) – large intestine – rectum – anus
- Peristalsis – musc. contractions - move food through the digestive sys.
- Gastric juice – stomach acid, mucus and enzymes
- Mucus – protects tissue from digestion
- Pepsin – breaks down protein
- Chyme – liquid nutrients in the stomach
- Sphincter – round muscles control movement of chime
- Bile – stored in gall bladder – break down fats
Excretory System
- Urinary tract
- Parts include: 2 kidneys – ureters – bladder – urethra
Eating Disorders
- Obesity – over eating – diabetes
- Anorexia nervosa – restricting the intake of food
- Bulimia nervosa – getting rid of food before digestion takes place
Textbook Questions P.81 # 1-10, & 13
2.3 The Circulatory System and Respiratory System
The Circulatory System
Heart – left-right are reversed in diagrams (diagram p. 88)
- pumps 4L of blood/minute
- muscular organ in the C. sys.
- 4 chambers – top – atria – bottom – ventricles
- Atria – collect blood – Ventricles – pump blood
- Left Ventricle – pumps blood to the body
- Right Ventricle - pumps blood to the lungs
- Valves – found between chambers – blood only flows one way
- When valves close – we hear the “lub-dub”
Blood carried from heart to your body using:
Blood vessels – arteries/capillaries/veins
Arteries – away from the heart (aorta –arterioles)
- Red – oxygenated blood – thick walls due to pressure
- Pulmonary artery – only artery to carry deoxygenated blood – to lungs
Veins – to the heart (superior/anterior vena cava – venules)
- Blue – deoxygenated blood – thinner and have valves
- Pulmonary vein – only vein to carry oxygenated blood - from lungs
Capillaries – one cell thick – mass between veins and arteries
- where nutrients/oxygen/glucose are exchanged to
- the cells from your blood
Components of Blood
Function of blood : transports oxygen, nutrients, &water to your cells
: carries carbon dioxide &wastes away from your cells
- Body contains 5L of blood
- 55% = plasma – clear, yellowish fluid containing proteins/minrals
- 45% = red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets
- Red blood cells are made in bone marrow, liver, and spleen
- Red blood cells contain haemoglobin
- White blood cells – fight infection
- Platelets – clot blood
The Respiratory System
- Breathe in oxygen, breathe out carbon dioxide
- Lungs important organs
Order Air Travels to Your Lungs
- Nasal Cavity- air is warmed and filtered by tiny hairs, called cilia, and mucus in your nose. The cilia and mucus trap dirt and other particles - back out the nostril or down into the digestive system
- Pharynx
- Epiglottis
- Larynx- (Voice Box.) It contains your vocal cords. Which vibrate when air passes through them creating your voice
- Esophagus
- Trachea- Made up of C-shaped bands of cartilage that maintains the tubular shape
- Bronchi- Air passes through these tubes and goes directly to the lungs
- Lungs- Goes to tiny, thin- walled sacs called the alveoli. Where gas exchange takes place
Gas Exchange in the Alveoli
- Alveolus surrounded by capillaries
- Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus, and oxygen diffuses the other way into the capillaries and binds with the red blood cells
- The oxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body
- This entire process is called gas exchange
Smoking
- Many respiratory diseases such as lung cancer and emphysema results from smoking tobacco products
- Emphysema causes the alveoli walls to lose their elasticity, making breathing extremely hard as the disease progresses
- Often people who have respiratory diseases also have a heart disease.
What is in a cigarette?
- Smoking is the number one cause of lung cancer; there are over 4000 chemicals in a cigarette.
- 50 are carcinogenic (Cancer- causing)
- Top six most harmful chemicals in a cigarette are nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, and benzene
- Smoking also destroys the cilia lining your respiratory
Source : http://fc2.sd23.bc.ca/~jreed/FOV1-00087E5F/FOV1-00087E9C/FOV1-00088008/Chapter%202%20Notes.doc
Web site link to visit: http://fc2.sd23.bc.ca/
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