Properties of Matter study guide

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Properties of Matter study guide

Properties of Matter
All matter has these general properties:

Mass: Amount of matter in an object, Never changes, Measured in grams
Weight: The pull of gravity on an object, Measured in Newton's, Less gravity = less weight
Volume: The amount of space an object takes up, Measured in liters, milliliters, and cubic centimeters
Density: Mass per unit volume, Allows you to compare different types of matter, Measured in g/ml or g/cm², Formula: M/V (Mass divided by volume), If an object’s density is less than 1g/ml it floats. If it is greater than it sinks.

Matter: Takes up space and has mass, Includes solids, liquids, gas and plasma, can exist in four phases (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma)

Properties of matter:
Physical: describes a substance’s color, shape, texture, phase, and the metallic properties of luster, ductility, malleability and brittle. The substance will remains the same no matter if its appearance changed.

Chemical: describes a substance's ability to change into a different substance for example flammability, the ability to burn. The substance will change into a new substance.

Solids

Have a definite shape, Have a definite volume, Little molecular motion, Molecules are packed close together
Solids that are arranged in a repeating pattern are called crystals (diamonds, rubies etc…)
Solids that loose their shape under certain conditions are called amorphous solids examples wax, glass, tar

Liquids

Have a definite volume, Do not have a definite shape, Molecules move around, Molecules are not packed as close together as in solids

Gases
Have no definite shape, No definite size, Particles are spread far apart
Gas Laws
Charles’ Law: Increase in temperature leads to an increase in the volume of a gas. If it gets hotter the gas expands like a hot air balloon
Boyle’s Law: Increase in pressure leads to a decrease in the volume of a gas. If you squeeze (increase pressure) a bottle of water the amount of air is forced upward (decrease in volume) and seems to get smaller.

Plasma

The most common form of matter, Rarely found on Earth (lightning), High energy, Dangerous to man, Found in Universe (Stars)

The Kinetic Theory of Matter: How matter behaves

All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, and ions).
These particles are in constant random motion.
They collide with each other as well as the walls of their containers

Phase Changes:
The amount of energy is responsible for the differences in phases of matter

Heat of Fusion: melting

The actual temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid is the melting point known as the Heat of Fusion

Freezing

Opposite of melting, The point at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid (o degrees Celsius), Freezing point = melting point, Adding substances to water can lower the freezing point

Heat of Vaporization: liquid to a gas

Evaporation occurs at the surface of water, Boiling occurs at the bottom when the temperature reaches the boiling point know as the Heat of Vaporization

Condensation

Opposite of boiling, The point at which a gas becomes a liquid, Examples: outside of a cold glass or dew on the grass

Sublimation: Solid to a gas, Example is Dry Ice
Deposition: Gas to a solid, Example is frozen dew on the grass (Frost)

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